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The Thirty Years' War was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, lasting from 1618 to 1648. Fought primarily in Central Europe , an estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of battle, famine, or disease, while parts of present-day Germany reported population declines of over 50%. [19]
9 de mai. de 2024 · Thirty Years’ War, (1618–48), in European history, a series of wars fought by various nations for various reasons, including religious, dynastic, territorial, and commercial rivalries. Its destructive campaigns and battles occurred over most of Europe, and, when it ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, the map of Europe ...
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Though the struggles of the Thirty Years War erupted some years earlier, the war is conventionally held to have begun in 1618, when the future Holy...
- The Thirty Years’ War was a series of wars fought by various nations for various reasons, including religious, dynastic, territorial, and commercia...
- Ferdinand II, the Holy Roman emperor (1619–37) and the king of Bohemia, was the leading champion of the Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation and abso...
- The Thirty Years' War ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, which changed the map of Europe irrevocably. The peace was negotiated, from 1644...
- Near the beginning of the Thirty Years' War in 1625, King Christian IV of Denmark saw an opportunity to gain valuable territory in Germany to balan...
- Causes & Background
- Bohemian Revolt
- Denmark’s Engagement
- Sweden’s Engagement
- France’s Engagement
- Conclusion
The Thirty Years’ War was caused by several factors including: 1. Perceived imbalance of power in the region 2. Resentment of the Habsburg Dynasty and their control of commerce 3. Weakening of the power of the Holy RomanEmperor 4. Commercial Interests in the Region 5. Religious dissention Religious differences, and the inability to resolve them pea...
The Bohemian Revolt began when Protestant nobles, led by Count Thurn (l. 1567-1640), objected to legal decisions favoring Catholics and met with three of Ferdinand II’s representatives at Prague Castle to discuss the situation. Unhappy with the proceedings, Thurn and his colleagues threw the representatives out the window in what has come to be kno...
Christian IV of Denmark relied on steady trade through the northern regions of the Holy Roman Empire and the Baltic which was now threatened and, concerned that Ferdinand II’s act against Frederick V signaled a Catholic push north toward Denmark, approached his fellow Protestant nobles in Hamburg and Bremen, offering his assistance. He joined with ...
Gustavus Adolphus arrived in the region in 1630 at the head of approximately 20,000 troops, far fewer than those commanded by Tilly or Wallenstein, but his military innovations more than made up for a lack of manpower. Adolphus seems to have been aware of the advances in warfare initiated by the great Czech general Jan Zizka (l.c. 1360-1424) in the...
Ferdinand II now appealed directly to Spain for resources to continue the war to its conclusion, forcing Cardinal Richelieu to have France declare war on Spain and commit more resources to the conflict, commissioning Bernard of Saxe-Weimar to lead mercenary forces. This last phase of the war, still fought primarily in the Holy Roman Empire (which i...
As noted, the conflict was primarily fought in the region of the Holy Roman Empire which, though it included parts of modern-day Italy, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, and others, was primarily the area of modern-day Germany. The war almost completely destroyed many of the villages throughout the region and devastated the city of Magdeburg whi...
- Joshua J. Mark
9 de nov. de 2009 · Learn about the 17th-century religious conflict that ravaged central Europe and involved multiple states and empires. Find out the causes, events, consequences and legacy of the Thirty Years’ War.
The Thirty Years’ War. The crisis in Germany. Europe after the Thirty Years' War, 1648. The war originated with dual crises at the continent’s centre: one in the Rhineland and the other in Bohemia, both part of the Holy Roman Empire. “The dear old Holy Roman Empire, How does it stay together?”
Learn about the origins, causes, and consequences of the Thirty Years’ War, a series of wars between Protestant and Catholic states in the Holy Roman Empire from 1618 to 1648. Explore the key terms, events, and players that shaped this conflict and its impact on European history.
12 de jan. de 2021 · A comprehensive guide to the literature on the Thirty Years War, a devastating conflict that convulsed Central Europe from 1618 to 1648. Find works on the causes, course, and consequences of the war, as well as its legal and religious aspects, by leading scholars.
