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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956 was awarded jointly to William Bradford Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"
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In 1947 Bell Laboratories scientists invented the transistor—a semiconductor device that could amplify electrical signals transmitted through it. Those in the "know" recognized the significance of the transistor as a compact, reliable replacement for the inefficient vacuum tube; but the development of what many now consider the twentieth century's ...
In 1904 John A. Fleming (1849-1945) developed a vacuum tube diode—known as a "valve" because it forced current within the tube to flow in one direction. This was essential for converting alternating currents to direct current. In 1907 Lee De Forest(1873-1961) patented the Audion vacuum tube, which functioned as a valve as well as amplifying current...
On June 30, 1948, Bell Labs held a press conference to announce the invention, but the story gained only limited coverage and generated little excitement. This initial indifference quickly dissipated as appreciation of transistor applications grew. However, even after Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley were jointly awarded the 1956 Noble Prize in phys...
Books
Eckert, Michael, and Helmut Schubert. Crystals, Electrons, Transistors: From Scholar's Study to Industrial Research. New York: American Institute of Physics, 1990. Hoddeson, Lillian, E. Braun, J. Teichmann, and S. Weart. Out of the Crystal Maze: Chapters from the History of Solid State Physics. New York: Oxford UniversityPress, 1992. Queisser, H. The Conquest of the Microchip: Science and Business in the Silicon Age. Cambridge: Harvard UniversityPress, 1988. Riordan, Michael, and Lillian Hodd...
Periodical Articles
Bardeen, John, and Walter H. Brattain. "The Transistor: A Semiconductor Triode." Physical Review74 (1948): 230-231. Bardeen, John, and Walter H. Brattain. "The Physical Principles Involved in Transistor Action." Physical Review13 (1949): 1208-1225. Brattain, Walter H., and John Bardeen. "Nature of the Forward Current in Germanium Point Contacts." Physical Review74 (1948): 231-232. Kilby, J. "Invention of the Integrated Circuit." IEEE Transactions on Electron DevicesED-23 (1976): 648-654. Shoc...
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956 was awarded jointly to William Bradford Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"
Walter Houser Brattain (/ ˈ b r æ t ən /; February 10, 1902 – October 13, 1987) was an American physicist at Bell Labs who, along with fellow scientists John Bardeen and William Shockley, invented the point-contact transistor in December 1947.
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8 de abr. de 2024 · William B. Shockley was an American engineer and teacher, cowinner (with John Bardeen and Walter H. Brattain) of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1956 for their development of the transistor, a device that largely replaced the bulkier and less-efficient vacuum tube and ushered in the age of.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
A primeira em 1956, "por pesquisas de semicondutores e a descoberta do transístor ", juntamente com William Bradford Shockley e Walter Houser Brattain, e a segunda em 1972, pelo desenvolvimento conjunto da teoria da supercondutividade, também conhecida como Teoria BCS (Bardeen/Cooper/Schrieffer), conjuntamente com Leon Neil Cooper e John Robert ...
William Bradford Shockley ( Londres, 13 de fevereiro de 1910 — Stanford, 12 de agosto de 1989) foi um físico e inventor estadunidense laureado com o prêmio Nobel de física em 1956. [ 1] Biografia. Seus pais eram naturais dos Estados Unidos.
