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The Anglo-Frisian languages underwent a sound change in their development from Proto-West-Germanic by which ā [ɑː], unless followed by /n, m/ or nasalized, was fronted to ǣ [æː]. This was similar to the later process affecting short a , which is known as Anglo-Frisian brightening or First Fronting (see below ).
Original (post Anglo-Frisian brightening) ǣ was raised to ē in Anglian but remained in West Saxon. This occurred before other changes such as breaking, and did not affect ǣ caused by i-umlaut of ā.
A. Anglo-Frisian Brightening (AFB) is an early 5thc. sound change responsible for the appearance. of a new phoneme - /æ/ both in English and Frisian (=Anglo-Frisian branch of Ingvaeonic). E.g. OE dæg, OI dAgr, Go dAgs, OHG tAg. AFB turns /A/ → /æ/ except before a nasal (hence OE and OHG mann) Let’s take a look at some paradigms: WGmc Sg.
The Anglo-Frisian languages are distinct from other West Germanic languages due to several sound changes: besides the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law, which is present in Low German as well, Anglo-Frisian brightening and palatalization of /k/ are for the most part unique to the modern Anglo-Frisian languages:
2.0 Breaking (or ‘Fracture’) is the term generally used by Anglicists to describe a process of diphthongisation whereby, between a front vowel and certain single consonants or consonant clusters, a back glide vowel developed, at first as [u], but subsequently lowered and centred to [ə].
Examination of Anglo-Frisian Brightening, or First Fronting, raises several questions about the analysis by Lass and Anderson, which are avoided in a theory proposing that the phenomenon was non-existent already in the synchronic grammar of Old English, and therefore was not maintained as a synchronic phonological rule until Middle English times.
26 de set. de 2020 · The Anglo-Frisian brightening 3. Two processes of vowel epenthesis: breaking and back umlaut 4. Palatalisation and I-umlaut 5. Strengthening and weakening of obstruents: fricative voicing assignment, continuancy adjustment, and some related processes 6.
