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Original (post Anglo-Frisian brightening) ǣ was raised to ē in Anglian but remained in West Saxon. This occurred before other changes such as breaking, and did not affect ǣ caused by i-umlaut of ā.
A. Anglo-Frisian Brightening (AFB) is an early 5thc. sound change responsible for the appearance. of a new phoneme - /æ/ both in English and Frisian (=Anglo-Frisian branch of Ingvaeonic). E.g. OE dæg, OI dAgr, Go dAgs, OHG tAg. AFB turns /A/ → /æ/ except before a nasal (hence OE and OHG mann) Let’s take a look at some paradigms: WGmc Sg.
The Anglo-Frisian languages underwent a sound change in their development from Proto-West-Germanic by which ā [ɑː], unless followed by /n, m/ or nasalized, was fronted to ǣ [æː]. This was similar to the later process affecting short a , which is known as Anglo-Frisian brightening or First Fronting (see below ).
Late Old English (anglian), C. 1000Middle English Pronunciation, C. 1400Modern English Spelling, C. 1500Early Modern English Pronunciation, C.a; æ; ea; ā+CC; often ǣ+CC,ēa+CC; occ./a/a/a/a; æ; ea; ā+CC; often ǣ+CC,ēa+CC; occ.(leng.) /aː/ [æː]aCV/ɛː/e; eo; occ. y; ē+CC; ēo+CC; occ./e/e/ɛ/e; eo; occ. y; ē+CC; ēo+CC; occ./e/(+r) ar/ar/The Anglo-Frisian languages are distinct from other West Germanic languages due to several sound changes: besides the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law, which is present in Low German as well, Anglo-Frisian brightening and palatalization of /k/ are for the most part unique to the modern Anglo-Frisian languages:
3.3 As is suggested by its alternative specification (‘Anglo-Frisian Brightening’), First Fronting is a change which is usually dated to the Ingvaeonic period of pre-English, before the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons in Britain, but Breaking, which is restricted to varieties of Old English and is not found in the same form in Frisian, is seen ...
Examination of Anglo-Frisian Brightening, or First Fronting, raises several questions about the analysis by Lass and Anderson, which are avoided in a theory proposing that the phenomenon was non-existent already in the synchronic grammar of Old English, and therefore was not maintained as a synchronic phonological rule until Middle English times.
26 de set. de 2020 · The Anglo-Frisian brightening 3. Two processes of vowel epenthesis: breaking and back umlaut 4. Palatalisation and I-umlaut 5. Strengthening and weakening of obstruents: fricative voicing assignment, continuancy adjustment, and some related processes 6.
