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Appearance and Reality (1893; second edition 1897) is a book by the English philosopher Francis Herbert Bradley, in which the author, influenced by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, argues that most things are appearances and attempts to describe the reality these appearances misrepresent, which Bradley calls the Absolute.
- F. H. Bradley
- United Kingdom
- 1893
- English
22 de ago. de 2006 · Appearance and reality : a metaphysical essay. by. Bradley, F. H. (Francis Herbert), 1846-1924. Publication date. 1916. Topics. Metaphysics, Reality, Knowledge, Theory of. Publisher. London : G. Allen. Collection. kellylibrary; toronto. Contributor. Kelly - University of Toronto. Language. English. 628 p. Includes index. Addeddate.
- Motivation For The Distinction
- Skeptical Responses
- Epistemically-Optimistic Responses
- Responses That Reject The Distinction
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There are both common-sense and historically contingent sources of motivation for the distinction between appearance and reality. Because of everyday experience, people frequently find themselves in situations where they are presented with appearances known to be misleading. Some instances of this are dramatic, such as crafted perceptual illusions ...
When faced with the distinction between appearance and reality, and the worry of how one can know reality on the basis of the appearances with which one is presented, the most straightforward response may be to simply deny that people have any reliable access to reality. This sort of position is often described as "skepticism." In the Hellenistic p...
Plato
Before the development of skepticism as a general school of thought, the Athenian philosopher Plato offered a classic articulation of the appearance/reality distinction, while indicating what he found to be the way to achieve knowledge of reality. Plato's picture is a rationalist one, relying on a faculty of reason that was independent of the senses, and articulated the basic elements of the philosophical systems of later thinkers such as Descartes and Leibniz. In Book VII of his Republic,Pla...
Descartes
In the Modern period of philosophy, the canonical expression of the distinction between appearance and reality, and of the ensuing threat posed to knowledge, is found in Rene Descartes' Meditations on First Philosophy(originally published in 1641). Descartes highlighted the distinction with a simple but powerful imaginative project. He asked how much divergence there could conceivably be between the appearances he encountered and the world in which he existed. The answer is made vivid by his...
Kant
Over a century after the publication of Descartes' Meditations, a more subtle answer to the problem was provided by Immanuel Kant, one which would inspire the tradition known later as "German Idealism" (to be contrasted with the idealism of Bishop Berkeley, discussed below). Kant appears to accept something like Descartes' distinction, yet he poses the issue in terms of an opposition between "objects as they appear" and "objects as they are in themselves." Observers have no real knowledge of...
Berkeley
The Irish Bishop George Berkeley, like Descartes, saw skepticism as a serious, but surmountable, philosophical threat. Unlike Descartes, however, Berkeley believed that it was a mistake to distinguish appearances from reality in the first place. Following his predecessor John Locke, Berkeley puts the discussion in terms of "ideas," where these include both the appearances one encounters in sensory perception, as well as the mental entities involved in one's thoughts. Berkeley's fundamental cl...
Reid
While Berkeley rejected the appearance/reality distinction by making reality more mental (and so, in a sense, claiming that all there is are appearances), others have rejected the distinction by attacking the notion of "appearances" or "ideas" that is in play. Antoine Arnauld argued for such a position in the wake of Descartes' Meditations, but the first sustained attempt to develop the position came from Thomas Reid, a Scottish minister and professor. In the second essay of his Essays on the...
Bayle, Pierre. (1991, originally 1696) Historical and Critical Dictionary: Selections. R. Popkin and C. Brush (trans. and eds.). Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. ISBN 087220104XBerkeley, George. (1988, originally 1710 and 1713) Principles of Human Knowledge/Three Dialogues. Roger Woolhouse (ed.). London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0192835491Descartes, Rene. (1998, originally 1638 and 1641) Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy. Donald A. Cress (trans.). Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. ISBN 1420926721Kant, Immanuel. (2001, originally 1783) Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics. James W. Ellington (trans. and ed.). Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. ISBN 0198751516APPEARANCE AND REALITY. In The Problems of Philosophy Bertrand Russell referred to the distinction between appearance and reality as "one of the distinctions that cause most trouble in philosophy." Why it should cause trouble in philosophy, however, when it causes little or no trouble outside of philosophy, Russell did not say.
Appearance, reality and idealism. In our everyday lives most of us work with a rough and ready distinction between what is real and what is appearance.
An essay in ontology. This book addresses one of the fundamental topics in philosophy: the relation between appearance and reality. John W. Yolton draws on a rich combination of historical and contemporary material, ranging from the early modern period to present-day debates, to examine this central philosophical preoccupation, which he pre ...
reality as against mere appearance, or the study of first principles or ultimate truths, or again the effort to comprehend the universe, not simply piecemeal or by fragments, but somehow as a whole. Any such pursuit will encounter a number of objections.
