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5 de nov. de 2023 · Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by inefficient myocardial performance, resulting in compromised blood supply to the body. CHF results from any disorder that impairs ventricular filling or ejection of blood to the systemic circulation.
- 2023/11/05
The understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of heart failure is essential to initiate the adequate therapeutic option individually for each patient. Furthermore, prevention of cardiovascular risk factors is essential to lower the risk of heart failure.
- Robert H. G. Schwinger
- 2021
Heart failure (HF) is a complex syndrome that can manifest itself as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), acute heart failure, or chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Here, we will cover the type of HF whose pathophysiology is understood the best and thus has disease-modifying treatments: HFrEF. […]
- Cardiac Function
- Neurohumoral Changes
- Systemic Vascular Function
- Blood Volume
- Integration of Cardiac and Vascular Changes
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Changes in cardiac function associated with heart failure decrease cardiac output. This results from a decline in stroke volume that is due to systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction, or a combination of the two. Briefly, systolic dysfunction results from a loss of intrinsic inotropy (contractility), which can be caused by disease-induced alter...
Neurohumoral responses occur during heart failure. These include activation of sympathetic nerves and the renin-angiotensin system, and increased release of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) and atrial natriuretic peptide. The net effect of these neurohumoral responses is to produce arterial vasoconstriction (to help maintain arterial pressure), v...
To compensate for reduced cardiac output during heart failure, feedback mechanisms within the body try to maintain normal arterial pressure. This occurs by constricting arterial resistance vessels (increasing systemic vascular resistance) through activation of the sympathetic adrenergic nervous system, thereby increasing systemic vascular resistanc...
In heart failure, there is a compensatory increase in blood volume that serves to increase ventricular preload and thereby enhance stroke volume by the Frank-Starling mechanism. Blood volume is augmented by several factors. Reduced renal perfusion results in decreased urine output and retention of fluid. Furthermore, a combination of reduced renal ...
As described above, both systolic and diastolic heart failure lead to changes in systemic vascular resistance, blood volume, and venous pressures. These changes can be examined graphically by using cardiac and vascular function curves, as shown to the right. The decrease in cardiac performance causes a downward shift in the slope of the cardiac fun...
Learn how heart failure affects cardiac function, neurohumoral responses, systemic vascular function, and blood volume. See how these changes are compensatory and deleterious, and how they are modified by drugs.
Pathophysiology. The approach to heart failure has changed enormously over the past few years (see Figure 1). Earlier thinking focused on inadequate pump function and the accepted therapeutic wisdom was to bolster it with β-agonist inotropes.
- Euan A Ashley, Josef Niebauer
- 2004
This comprehensively covers everything from pathophysiology to the evaluation of patients presenting with heart failure to medical management, device therapy, heart transplantation and mechanical circulatory support, and include relevant cardiac imaging studies such as echocardiograms and magnetic resonance imaging studies which could be seen ...
Heart failure results from injury to the myocardium from a variety of causes including ischemic heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes. Less common etiologies include cardiomyopathies, valvular disease, myocarditis, infections, systemic toxins, and cardiotoxic drugs.
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