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The Qing dynasty (/ tʃ ɪ ŋ / ching), officially the Great Qing, [d] was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last imperial dynasty in Chinese history. The dynasty, proclaimed in Shenyang in 1636, [ 7 ] seized control of Beijing in 1644, which is considered the start of the dynasty's rule.
- History of the Qing dynasty
The history of the Qing dynasty began in the first half of...
- Timeline of the Qing dynasty
Timeline of the Qing dynasty. The Qing Empire ca. 1820,...
- Government of the Qing dynasty
The Qing dynasty (1644–1912) was the last imperial dynasty...
- History of the Qing dynasty
A multiétnica dinastia Qing montou a base territorial para a China moderna. Foi a maior dinastia imperial da história da China e em 1790 o quarto maior império da história mundial em termos de tamanho territorial. Com 419 264 000 cidadãos em 1907, era o país mais populoso do mundo na época.
- Formation of The Manchu State
- Claiming The Mandate of Heaven
- Kangxi Emperor's Reign and Consolidation
- Reigns of The Yongzheng and Qianlong Emperors
- Rebellion, Unrest and External Pressure
- Self-Strengthening and The Frustration of Reforms
- Reform, Revolution, Collapse
- See Also
Overview
The Qing dynasty was founded not by Han Chinese, who constitute the majority of the Chinese population, but by the Manchu, descendants of a sedentary farming people known as the Jurchen, a Tungusic people who lived around the region now comprising the Chinese provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang. The Manchus are sometimes mistaken for a nomadic people, which they were not. Early European writers had used the term "Tartar" indiscriminately for all the peoples of Northern Eurasia but in the 17th...
Nurhaci
What was to become the Manchu state was founded by Nurhaci, the chieftain of a minor Jurchen tribe – the Aisin Gioro – in Jianzhou in the early 17th century. Nurhaci may have spent time in a Chinese household in his youth, and became fluent in Chinese as well as Mongol, and read the Chinese novels Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Water Margin. As a vassal of the Ming emperors who officially considered himself a guardian of the Ming border and a local representative of imperial power of the M...
Hong Taiji
The unbroken series of Nurhaci's military successes ended in January 1626 when he was defeated by Yuan Chonghuan while laying siege to Ningyuan. He died a few months later and was succeeded by his eighth son, Hong Taiji, who emerged as the new Khan after a short political struggle amongst other contenders . Although Hong Taiji was an experienced leader and the commander of two Banners at the time of his succession, his reign did not start well on the military front. The Jurchens suffered yet...
Hong Taiji died suddenly in September 1643. As the Jurchens had traditionally "elected" their leader through a council of nobles, the Qing state did not have a clear succession system. The leading contenders for power were Hong Taiji's oldest son Hooge and Hong Taiji's half brother Dorgon. A compromise installed Hong Taiji's five-year-old son, Fuli...
The sixty-one year reign of the Kangxi Emperor was the longest of any Chinese emperor. Kangxi's reign is also celebrated as the beginning of an era known as the "High Qing", during which the dynasty reached the zenith of its social, economic and military power. Kangxi's long reign started when he was eight years old upon the untimely demise of his ...
The reigns of the Yongzheng Emperor (r. 1723–1735) and his son, the Qianlong Emperor(r. 1735–1796), marked the height of Qing power. During this period, the Qing Empire ruled over 13 million square kilometres (5 million square miles) of territory. Yet, as historian Jonathan Spence puts it, the empire by the end of the Qianlong reign was "like the s...
At the start of the dynasty, the Chinese empire continued to be the hegemonic power in East Asia. Although there was no formal ministry of foreign relations, the Lifan Yuan was responsible for relations with the Mongol and Tibetans in Central Asia, while the tributary system, a loose set of institutions and customs taken over from the Ming, in theo...
Yet the dynasty rallied. Chinese generals and officials such as Zuo Zongtang led the suppression of rebellions and stood behind the Manchus. When the Tongzhi Emperor came to the throne at the age of five in 1861, these officials rallied around him in what was called the Tongzhi Restoration. Their aim was to adopt Western military technology in orde...
By the early 20th century, mass civil disorder had begun in China, and it was growing continuously. To overcome such problems, Empress Dowager Cixi issued an imperial edict in 1901 calling for reform proposals from the governors-general and governors and initiated the era of the dynasty's "New Policies", also known as the "Late Qing reforms". The e...
Learn about the twelve Qing rulers who ruled over China from 1644 to 1912, their reign names, succession, and achievements. The Qing dynasty was the last imperial dynasty of China and a Manchu-led empire that conquered China from the Ming dynasty.
#Emperor (lifespan)ReignReign1Hong Taiji 皇太极 (1592–1643)15 May 163621 September 16431Hong Taiji 皇太极 (1592–1643)7 years and 227 days7 years and 227 days2Shunzhi Emperor 順治帝 (1638–1661)30 October 16445 February 16612Shunzhi Emperor 順治帝 (1638–1661)17 years and 121 days17 years and 121 daysA comprehensive chronology of the Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the last imperial dynasty of China. Learn about the rise and fall of the Manchu empire, its wars, reforms, and cultural achievements.
Learn about the bureaucratic system of the Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the last imperial dynasty of China. The article covers the central government agencies, the ethnic policy, the imperial examinations, and the military campaigns of the Qing.
7 de set. de 2024 · Qing dynasty, the last of the imperial dynasties of China, spanning the years 1644 to 1911/12. Under the Qing the territory of the empire and its population grew significantly, many of the non-Chinese minorities within the empire were Sinicized, and an integrated national economy was established.
