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Economics is a social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. It covers various topics, methods, and applications, and has different branches, schools, and definitions.
- Economia
A economia é, geralmente, dividida em dois grandes ramos: a...
- Economy
A given economy is a set of processes that involves its...
- Positive and normative economics
In the philosophy of economics, a descriptive or positive...
- Economics (livro)
Economics é um influente livro introdutório dos economistas...
- Outline
The following outline is provided as an overview of and...
- Economia
A economia é, geralmente, dividida em dois grandes ramos: a microeconomia, que estuda os comportamentos individuais, e a macroeconomia, que estuda o resultado agregado dos vários comportamentos individuais.
- Etymology
- History
- Elements
- Studies
- See Also
- Further Reading
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The word economy in English is derived from the Middle French's yconomie, which itself derived from the Medieval Latin's oeconomia. The Latin word has its origin at the Ancient Greek's oikonomia or oikonomos. The word's first part oikos means "house", and the second part nemeinmeans "to manage". The most frequently used current sense, denoting "the...
Earliest roots
As long as someone has been making, supplying and distributing goods or services, there has been some sort of economy; economies grew larger as societies grew and became more complex. Sumer developed a large-scale economy based on commodity money, while the Babylonians and their neighboring city states later developed the earliest system of economics as we think of, in terms of rules/laws on debt, legal contracts and law codes relating to business practices, and private property. The Babyloni...
Middle Ages
In the Middle Ages, what is now known as an economy was not far from the subsistence level. Most exchange occurred within social groups. On top of this, the great conquerors raised what we now call venture capital (from ventura, ital.; risk) to finance their captures. The capital should be refunded by the goods they would bring up in the New World. The discoveries of Marco Polo (1254–1324), Christopher Columbus (1451–1506) and Vasco da Gama (1469–1524) led to a first global economy. The first...
Industrial Revolution
The first economist in the true modern meaning of the word was the Scotsman Adam Smith (1723–1790) who was inspired partly by the ideas of physiocracy, a reaction to mercantilism and also later Economics student, Adam Mari. He defined the elements of a national economy: products are offered at a natural price generated by the use of competition - supply and demand - and the division of labor. He maintained that the basic motive for free trade is human self-interest. The so-called self-interes...
Types
A market economy is one where goods and services are produced and exchanged according to demand and supply between participants (economic agents) by barter or a medium of exchange with a credit or debit value accepted within the network, such as a unit of currency. A planned economy is one where political agents directly control what is produced and how it is sold and distributed. A green economy is low-carbon and resource efficient. In a green economy, growth in income and employment is driv...
Sectors
The economy may be considered as having developed through the following phases or degrees of precedence:[according to whom?] 1. The ancient economy was mainly based on subsistencefarming. 2. The industrial revolution phase lessened the role of subsistence farming, converting it to more extensive and mono-cultural forms of agriculture in the last three centuries. The economic growth took place mostly in mining, construction and manufacturing industries. Commercebecame more significant due to t...
Indicators
The gross domestic product (GDP) of a country is a measure of the size of its economy, or more specifically, monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced. The most conventional economic analysis of a country relies heavily on economic indicators like the GDP and GDP per capita. While often useful, GDP only includes economic activity for which money is exchanged.[citation needed] Due to the growing importance of the financial sector in modern times, the ter...
The study of economics are roughly divided into macroeconomics and microeconomics. Today, the range of fields of study examining the economy revolves around the social science of economics, but may also include sociology, history, anthropology, and geography. Practical fields directly related to the human activities involving production, distributi...
Friedman, Milton, Capitalism and Freedom, 1962.Rothbard, Murray, Man, Economy, and State: A Treatise on Economic Principles, 1962.Galbraith, John Kenneth, The Affluent Society, 1958.Mises, Ludwig von, Human Action: A Treatise on Economics, 1949.Learn about the origins, development, and branches of economics, the social science of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Explore the history of economic systems, concepts, and agents from ancient times to the present day.
In the philosophy of economics, a descriptive or positive statement is an assertion about facts of the world, while prescriptive or normative statements express value judgments. The former describe the world as it is, while the latter talk about the world as it should be. [ 1] The methodological basis for positive/normative distinction is ...
Economics é um influente livro introdutório dos economistas norte-americanos Paul Samuelson e William Nordhaus. Foi publicado em 1948 e já apareceu em dezenove edições diferentes, o mais recente em 2010. [1]
An overview of and topical guide to economics, covering its branches, subdisciplines, methods, types, elements, problems, measures, policy, and more. Learn about the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, and how economies work and interact.
A moeda da tartaruga é a mais velha já descoberta, data de 700 a.C. A atividade econômica ( português brasileiro) ou atividade económica ( português europeu) gera riqueza mediante a extração, transformação e distribuição de recursos naturais, bens e serviços, tendo como finalidade a satisfação de necessidades humanas, como ...