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A university is an institution of higher education and research that awards academic degrees in various disciplines. Learn about the origin, evolution and classification of universities around the world, from medieval Europe to modern times.
- Overview
- Early universities
- Impact of the Protestant Reformation and the Counter-Reformation on European universities
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A university is an institution of higher education, usually comprising a college of liberal arts and sciences and graduate and professional schools and having the authority to confer degrees in various fields of study. A university differs from a college in that it is usually larger, has a broader curriculum, and offers graduate and professional degrees in addition to undergraduate degrees. Although universities did not arise in the West until the Middle Ages in Europe, they existed in some parts of Asia and Africa in ancient times.
Should university student loan debt be eliminated via forgiveness or bankruptcy?
Whether university student loan debt should be eliminated via forgiveness or bankruptcy is widely debated. Some argue forgiveness would boost the economy, help rectify racial inequity, and foster a healthier citizenry, while denying student loan debtors the benefits of bankruptcy--benefits that other debtors have access to--is unfair. Others argue that people must be held responsible for their personal economic choices, that forgiveness would disproportionately help more financially secure university graduates and would only be a temporary bandage for the much larger problem of inflated university costs, while bankruptcy would allow borrowers to abuse the loan system and encourage universities to increase tuition. For more on the student loan debt debate, visit ProCon.org.
Should universities pay college athletes?
Whether university athletes should be paid is widely debated. Some argue the NCAA, colleges, and universities profit unfairly and exorbitantly from the work and likenesses of college athletes, who are risking their bodies as well as their future careers and earning potential while often living below the poverty line. Others argue that the scholarships given to student athletes are fair compensation for their services, especially since so few college athletes actually "go pro," and that the real problem is not greater compensation for student-athletes but an incompetent amateur sports system for feeding talent to professional sports leagues. For more on the debate over paying college athletes, visit ProCon.org.
Is a university education worth it?
The modern Western university evolved from the medieval schools known as studia generalia; they were generally recognized places of study open to students from all parts of Europe. The earliest studia arose out of efforts to educate clerks and monks beyond the level of the cathedral and monastic schools. The inclusion of scholars from foreign countries constituted the primary difference between the studia and the schools from which they grew.
The earliest Western institution that can be called a university was a famous medical school that arose at Salerno, Italy, in the 9th century and drew students from all over Europe. It remained merely a medical school, however. The first true university in the West was founded at Bologna late in the 11th century. It became a widely respected school of canon and civil law. The first university to arise in northern Europe was the University of Paris, founded between 1150 and 1170. It became noted for its teaching of theology, and it served as a model for other universities in northern Europe such as the University of Oxford in England, which was well established by the end of the 12th century. The Universities of Paris and Oxford were composed of colleges, which were actually endowed residence halls for scholars.
These early universities were corporations of students and masters, and they eventually received their charters from popes, emperors, and kings. The University of Naples, founded by Emperor Frederick II (1224), was the first to be established under imperial authority, while the University of Toulouse, founded by Pope Gregory IX (1229), was the first to be established by papal decree. These universities were free to govern themselves, provided they taught neither atheism nor heresy. Students and masters together elected their own rectors (presidents). As the price of independence, however, universities had to finance themselves. So teachers charged fees, and, to assure themselves of a livelihood, they had to please their students. These early universities had no permanent buildings and little corporate property, and they were subject to the loss of dissatisfied students and masters who could migrate to another city and establish a place of study there. The history of the University of Cambridge began in 1209 when a number of disaffected students moved there from Oxford, and 20 years later Oxford profited by a migration of students from the University of Paris.
From the 13th century on, universities were established in many of the principal cities of Europe. Universities were founded at Montpellier (beginning of the 13th century) and Aix-en-Provence (1409) in France, at Padua (1222), Rome (1303), and Florence (1321) in Italy, at Salamanca (1218) in Spain, at Prague (1348) and Vienna (1365) in central Europe, at Heidelberg (1386), Leipzig (1409), Freiburg (1457), and Tübingen (1477) in what is now Germany, at Louvain (1425) in present-day Belgium, and at Saint Andrews (1411) and Glasgow (1451) in Scotland.
Until the end of the 18th century, most Western universities offered a core curriculum based on the seven liberal arts: grammar, logic, rhetoric, geometry, arithmetic, astronomy, and music. Students then proceeded to study under one of the professional faculties of medicine, law, and theology. Final examinations were grueling, and many students failed.
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The Protestant Reformation of the 16th century and the ensuing Counter-Reformation affected the universities of Europe in different ways. In the German states, new Protestant universities were founded and older schools were taken over by Protestants, while many Roman Catholic universities became staunch defenders of the traditional learning associated with the Catholic church. By the 17th century, both Protestant and Catholic universities had become overly devoted to defending correct religious doctrines and hence remained resistant to the new interest in science that had begun to sweep through Europe. The new learning was discouraged, and thus many universities underwent a period of relative decline. New schools continued to be founded during this time, however, including ones at Edinburgh (1583), Leiden (1575), and Strasbourg (university status, 1621).
The first modern university in Europe was that of Halle, founded by Lutherans in 1694. This school was one of the first to renounce religious orthodoxy of any kind in favour of rational and objective intellectual inquiry, and it was the first where teachers lectured in German (i.e., a vernacular language) rather than in Latin. Halle’s innovations were adopted by the University of Göttingen (founded 1737) a generation later and subsequently by most German and many American universities.
A university is an institution of higher education that offers various degrees and has a broad curriculum. Learn about the origins and evolution of universities in the West and Asia, and their features and functions.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
26 de abr. de 2024 · University, como se pode imaginar, pode ser traduzido para “Universidade” em português. Já College, ao contrário do que se pode pensar, não significa “colégio”; a palavra tem um sentido mais próximo à nossa “faculdade”. Ou seja: university é universidade,” college é faculdade.
A university is a higher education institution with a broad curriculum and various degree levels. Learn how universities evolved in the West and in other regions of the world.
Uma universidade é uma instituição de ensino superior pluridisciplinar e de formação de quadros profissionais de nível superior, de investigação, de extensão e de domínio e cultivo do saber humano. [3] Uma universidade fornece educação tanto terciária (graduação) quanto quaternária (pós-graduação).
A university is a place of higher education where people can study for a degree. Learn more about the meaning, usage and collocations of university with examples from the Cambridge Dictionary.
19 de ago. de 2024 · Learn the key differences between colleges and universities in the U.S., such as degree offerings, enrollment size, research focus and student populations. Find out what types of colleges and universities exist and how to choose the right one for you.
