Anúncios
relacionados a: traditional japanese architectureEnjoy Japanese of Temu's best price, superior quality & full range of services. Browse thousands of brands and find deals on Japanese at Temu®, Shop Now.
Learn without limits with unlimited access to 1M+ titles across 1,000+ Topics. Quality reading with Online Subscription. Stop Overspending on Textbooks.
Resultado da Busca
In traditional Japanese architecture, there are various styles, features and techniques unique to Japan in each period and use, such as residence, castle, Buddhist temple and Shinto shrine. On the other hand, especially in ancient times, it was strongly influenced by Chinese culture like other Asian countries, so it has ...
- Overview
- General characteristics
- The formative period
- The Jōmon period
Japanese architecture, the built structures of Japan and their context. A pervasive characteristic of Japanese architecture—and, indeed, of all the visual arts of Japan—is an understanding of the natural world as a source of spiritual insight and an instructive mirror of human emotion.
An indigenous religious sensibility that long preceded Buddhism perceived that a spiritual realm was manifest in nature. Rock outcroppings, waterfalls, and gnarled old trees were viewed as the abodes of spirits and were understood as their personification. This belief system endowed much of nature with numinous qualities. It nurtured, in turn, a sense of proximity to and intimacy with the world of spirit as well as a trust in nature’s general benevolence. The cycle of the seasons was deeply instructive and revealed, for example, that immutability and transcendent perfection were not natural norms. Everything was understood as subject to a cycle of birth, fruition, death, and decay. Imported Buddhist notions of transience were thus merged with the indigenous tendency to seek instruction from nature.
Attentive proximity to nature developed and reinforced an aesthetic that generally avoided artifice. In the production of works of art, the natural qualities of constitutive materials were given special prominence and understood as integral to whatever total meaning a work professed. When, for example, Japanese Buddhist sculpture of the 9th century moved from the stucco or bronze Tang models and turned for a time to natural, unpolychromed woods, already ancient iconographic forms were melded with a preexisting and multilevel respect for wood.
Union with the natural was also an element of Japanese architecture. Architecture seemed to conform to nature. The symmetry of Chinese-style temple plans gave way to asymmetrical layouts that followed the specific contours of hilly and mountainous topography. The borders existing between structures and the natural world were deliberately obscure. Elements such as long verandas and multiple sliding panels offered constant vistas on nature—although the nature was often carefully arranged and fabricated rather than wild and real.
Britannica Quiz
Architecture: The Built World
The perfectly formed work of art or architecture, unweathered and pristine, was ultimately considered distant, cold, and even grotesque. This sensibility was also apparent in tendencies of Japanese religious iconography. The ordered hierarchical sacred cosmology of the Buddhist world generally inherited from China bore the features of China’s earthly imperial court system. While some of those features were retained in Japanese adaptation, there was also a concurrent and irrepressible trend toward creating easily approachable deities. This usually meant the elevation of ancillary deities such as Jizō Bosatsu (Sanskrit: Kshitigarbha bodhisattva) or Kannon Bosatsu (Avalokiteshvara bodhisattva) to levels of increased cult devotion. The inherent compassion of supreme deities was expressed through these figures and their iconography.
The terminology and chronology used in describing pre- and protohistoric Japan is generally agreed to be that of a Paleolithic, or Pre-Ceramic, stage dating from approximately 30,000 bce (although some posit an initial date as early as 200,000 bce); the Jōmon period (c. 10,500 bce–c. 3rd century bce), variously subdivided; the Yayoi period (c. 3rd century bce–c. 250 ce); and the Tumulus, or Kofun, period (c. 250–710 ce).
Are you a student? Get Britannica Premium for only 24.95 - a 67% discount!
The Jōmon period is generally subdivided into six phases: Incipient Jōmon (c. 10,500–8000 bce), Initial Jōmon (c. 8000–5000 bce), Early Jōmon (c. 5000–2500 bce), Middle Jōmon (c. 2500–1500 bce), Late Jōmon (c. 1500–1000 bce), and Final Jōmon (c. 1000–300 bce).
Early Jōmon (c. 5000–2500 bce) sites suggest a pattern of increased stabilization of communities, the formation of small settlements, and the astute use of abundant natural resources. A general climatic warming trend encouraged habitation in the mountain areas of central Honshu as well as coastal areas. Remains of pit houses have been found arranged in horseshoe formations at various Early Jōmon sites. Each house consisted of a shallow pit with a tamped earthen floor and a grass roof designed so that rainwater runoff could be collected in storage jars.
Early Jōmon vessels generally continued the earliest profile of a cone shape, narrow at the foot and gradually widening to the rim or mouth, but most had flat bottoms, a feature found only occasionally in the Initial Jōmon (c. 8000–5000 bce) period. The discovery of increasing varieties of flat-bottomed vessels appropriate for cooking, serving, and providing storage on flat earthen floors correlates with the evidence of the gradual formation of pit-house villages.
In the Late Jōmon (c. 1500–1000 bce), colder temperatures and increased rainfall forced migration from the central mountains to the eastern coastal areas of Honshu. There is evidence of even greater interest in ritual, probably because of the extensive decrease in population. From this time are found numerous ritual sites consisting of long stones laid out radially to form concentric circles. These stone circles, located at a distance from habitations, may have been related to burial or other ceremonies. Previously disparate tribes began to exhibit a greater cultural uniformity.
Evidence from the Final Jōmon (c. 1000–3rd century bce) suggests that inhospitable forces, whether contagious disease or climate, were at work. There was a considerable decrease in population and a regional fragmentation of cultural expression. Particularly noteworthy was the formation of quite distinct cultures in the north and south. The discovery of numerous small ritual implements, including pottery, suggests that the cultures developing in the north were rigidly structured and evinced considerable interest in ritual.
In the south, mobility and informality were the emerging characteristics of social organization and artistic expression. In distinction to the northern culture, the south seemed more affected by outside influences. Indeed, the incursions of continental culture would, in a few centuries, be based in the Kyushu area.
2 de jan. de 2021 · JAPANESE TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE. The Golden Pavillion (Kinkakuji) in Kyoto ©TOKI. The Edo period (the 17th to mid-19th centuries) greatly shaped Japanese architecture. The structures created during this time still stand proud as inspirations for countless architectural creations globally.
31 de ago. de 2022 · Learn about the evolution and characteristics of Japanese architecture, from ancient influences to modern innovations. Explore the unique style and identity of traditional Japanese buildings, such as temples, castles, and tea houses.
Learn about the origins, development, and characteristics of Japanese architecture, from ancient times to modern era. Explore the cultural influences, natural materials, and aesthetic principles that shape the distinct style of Japanese buildings.
17 de jul. de 2019 · Learn about the features and history of the traditional Japanese house, from its design to its furnishings. Discover how the Japanese architecture adapted to the natural environment and the social class system.
Learn about the history and features of traditional and modern Japanese architecture, from wood and paper to stone and concrete. Explore examples of Shinto, Buddhist and castle structures, and see how Japan has influenced the world of architecture.
Anúncios
relacionados a: traditional japanese architectureEncontre mais ofertas em diversas categorias na Amazon.com.br. Procure e descubra milhões de produtos com ótimos preços.
ebay.com foi visitado por mais de 1 milhão usuários no mês passado
Over 70% New & Buy It Now; This is the new ebay. Find L'architecture now!
