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Kemal Atatürk [7] (até 1934: Mustafa Kemal Paxá, em turco otomano: مصطفى كمال پاشا; de 1935 a 1937: Kamâl Atatürk; [8] [9] Salonica, 1881 – Istambul, 10 de novembro de 1938), comumente referido como Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, foi um marechal de campo, estadista revolucionário turco e fundador da República da ...
- 29 de outubro de 1923, a 10 de novembro de 1938
- İsmet İnönü
- Sultão Mehmed VI, fundação da república
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, also known as Mustafa Kemal Pasha until 1921, and Ghazi Mustafa Kemal from 1921 until the Surname Law of 1934 (c. 1881 – 10 November 1938), was a Turkish field marshal, revolutionary statesman, author, and the founding father of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first president from 1923 until his death ...
- Office established
- Fevzi Çakmak
- İsmet İnönü
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Ali Rıza oğlu Mustafa ez ofisiel, a zo bet ganet e miz Mae 1880 pe 1881 e Thessaloniki (Impalaeriezh Otoman d'ar c'houlz-se, e Gres bremañ) ha marvet d'an 10 a viz Du 1938 en Istanbul .
- Name
- Birth Date
- Nationality
- Early Life
- Private Life
- Love of Nature
- Lifestyle
- Languages and Literature
- Religious Beliefs
- Last Days, 1937–1938
In Turkish tradition, names have additional honorary or memorial values besides their grammatical identification function. It is possible to translate a name from Turkish to other languages, but care should be given as names' form varies from one language to another. Atatürk had Mustafa as his name at birth. Mustafa (Arabic: مصطفى – Muṣṭafā, "the c...
Due to differences between calendars of the period, Atatürk's precise birth date is not known. The Ottoman Empire recognized the Hijri calendar and the Rumi calendar. The Hijri was an Islamic calendar, used to mark the religious holidays. It was lunar, with years of 354 or 355 days. The Rumi was a civil calendar, adopted in 1839. It was solar, base...
The Ottoman Empire was not a nation state and the records were not kept based on nationality, but on religion. The rise of nationalism in Europe had extended to the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century and the Millet system began to degrade. Atatürk's parents and relatives used Turkish as their native language and were part of the Muslim millet. ...
Atatürk was born during the Belle Époque of European civilization. Russia was implementing reforms; Japan opened its doors to the West during the Meiji Restoration. The Ottoman Empire was going through transformation. Ottoman military reform efforts, like the contemporaneous Modernization of Japanese Military 1868–1931, managed to develop a modern ...
Family
Zübeyde Hanım's first child was Fatma, then Ömer, later Ahmet was born. They all died in early childhood. Mustafa was the fourth child. Makbule followed him in 1885. Their sister Naciye was born in 1889. Naciye was lost to childhood tuberculosis.[citation needed] Ragıp Bey had four children from his first marriage. His first child, Süreyya died during World War One. Ragıp Bey had a brother Colonel Hüsamettin. He and Vasfiye Hanım had a daughter named Fikriye (1897 – 31 May 1924). Of the 9 sib...
Sexuality
British military intelligence reports from January 1921 authored by Charles Harington noted Atatürk's "homosexual vice". However, British historian A. L. Macfie notes that these reports may have come from Atatürk's enemies to discredit him. According to British biographers H. C. Armstrong and Patrick Balfour, and Turkish author İrfan Orga (who served under him), Atatürk was bisexual. Armstrong's book was the first biography of Atatürk, it was published during his lifetime and it is controvers...
He attached importance to his horse Sakarya and his dog Fox. He was also anecdotally linked to preservation of Turkish Angora after an article in the Turkey's Reader's Digestreportedly claimed that Atatürk said "his successor would be bitten on the ankle by an odd-eyed white cat. Atatürk established the Forest Ranch in 1925. He wanted to have a mod...
Throughout most of his life, Atatürk was a moderate-to-heavy drinker, often consuming half a litre of rakı a day; he also smoked tobacco, predominantly in the form of cigarettes. He loved reading books, listening to music, dancing, horseback riding and swimming. He liked to play backgammon and billiards. He was interested in Zeybek dance, wrestling...
Although Atatürk used interpreters in official meetings, especially for important matters, he was described as a polyglot. U.S. ambassador to Turkey Charles H. Sherrillnoted: "At the first meeting, as is customary, he speaks only Turkish. If he is interested in the topic, he continues in excellent French". There is some controversy as to what langu...
There is a controversy on Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's religious beliefs.Some researchers have emphasized that his discourses about religion are periodic and that his positive views related to this subject are limited in the early 1920s. Some non-Turkish researchers, as well as some Turkish ones, assert that Atatürk was a religious skeptic and an agnost...
During 1937, indications of Atatürk's worsening health started to appear. In the early 1938, while he was on a trip to Yalova, he suffered from a serious illness[which?]. After a short period of treatment in Yalova, an apparent improvement in his health was observed, but his condition again worsened following his journeys first to Ankara, and then ...
- Turkish
23 de abr. de 2024 · The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. Last Updated: Apr 23, 2024 • Article History. Kemal Atatürk. Turkish: “Kemal, Father of Turks” Original name: Mustafa Kemal. Also called: Mustafa Kemal Paşa. Born: 1881, Salonika [now Thessaloníki], Greece. Died: November 10, 1938, Istanbul, Turkey (aged 57) Title / Office: president (1923-1937), Turkey.
- Norman Itzkowitz
- Kemal Atatürk was founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey, having galvanized the Turkish people after the defeat of the Ottoman Empir...
- Kemal Atatürk’s father, a local lieutenant in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, dedicated him to military service and sent him to a modern secular...
- Kemal Atatürk became a national hero after turning back the Allies at Gallipoli during World War I. Still, the Ottomans were defeated. To prevent p...
- Aside from being the founder of modern Turkey, Kemal Atatürk laid the groundwork for Turkey’s state ideology, known as Kemalism. Its principles are...
Como primeiro presidente da Turquia, Atatürk embarcou num ambicioso programa de reformas políticas, econômicas e culturais. Um admirador do iluminismo, Atatürk procurou transformar as ruínas do Império Otomano numa nação-Estado democrática e secular.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881 – 10 November 1938) was a field marshal, revolutionary statesman, and founder of the Republic of Turkey as well as its first president. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's military career explains his life between graduation from Ottoman War College in Istanbul as a lieutenant in 1905 to his resignation from the ...
