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1081 (MLXXXI, na numeração romana) foi um ano comum do século XI do Calendário Juliano, da Era de Cristo, a sua letra dominical foi C (52 semanas), teve início a uma sexta-feira e terminou também a uma sexta-feira. No território que viria a ser o reino de Portugal estava em vigor a Era de César que já contava 1119 anos.
Events. By place. Byzantine Empire. April 1 – Emperor Nikephoros III is forced to abdicate the throne, and retires to the Peribleptos monastery. He is succeeded by Alexios I Komnenos, who is crowned on April 5, as ruler of the Byzantine Empire.
- Background
- Prelude
- Siege of Dyrrhachium
- Battle
- Aftermath
- Sources
The Normans first arrived in Southern Italy in 1015 from northern France and served local Lombard lords as mercenaries against the Byzantine Empire. As they were paid with lands, soon they were powerful enough to challenge Papal authority; in 1054, they defeated the Pope at the Battle of Civitate, forcing him to acknowledge their authority. In 1059...
The Norman fleet of 150 ships including 60 horse transports set off towards the Byzantine Empire at the end of May 1081. The army numbered 15,000 men, including about 1,300 Norman knights. The fleet sailed to Avalona in Byzantine territory; they were joined by several ships from Ragusa, a republic in the Balkanswho were enemies of the Byzantines. R...
Robert was not discouraged by this naval defeat, and began his siege of Dyrrhachium. In command of the garrison at Dyrrhachium was the experienced general George Palaiologos, sent by Alexios with orders to hold out at all costs while Alexios himself mustered an army to relieve the city. Meanwhile, a Byzantine fleet arrived and – after joining with ...
Initial moves
Alexios advanced from Salonica and pitched camp on the river Charzanes near Dyrrhachium on October 15. He held a war council there and sought advice from his senior officers; among them was George Palaiologos, who had managed to sneak out of the city.A majority of the senior officers, including Palaiologos, urged caution, noting that time was with the Emperor. Alexios, however, favoured an immediate assault, hoping to catch Guiscard's army from the rear, while they were still besieging the ci...
Byzantine collapse
In the meantime, the Byzantine right and centre had been engaging in skirmishes with the Normans opposite them. However, with the collapse of the Norman right, the knights were in danger of being outflanked. At this point, the Varangians (mainly Anglo-Saxons who had left England after the Norman Conquest) joined in the pursuit of the Norman right. With their massive battle axes, the Varangians attacked the Norman knights, who were driven away after their horses panicked. The Varangians soon b...
The battle was a heavy defeat for Alexios. Historian Jonathan Harris states that the defeat was "every bit as severe as that at Manzikert." He lost about 5,000 of his men, including most of the Varangians. Norman losses are unknown, but John Haldon claims they are substantial as both wings broke and fled. Historian Robert Holmes states: "The new kn...
Primary
1. Anna Comnena (translated by E. R. A. Sewter). The Alexiad. London: Penguin Books, 1996, ISBN 0-14-044215-4.
Secondary
WikiMiniAtlas41°18′N 19°30′E / 41.3°N 19.5°E / 41.3; 19.5
- October 18, 1081
- Norman victory
- Dyrrhachium
1081 foi um ano comum do século XI do Calendário Juliano, da Era de Cristo, a sua letra dominical foi C, teve início a uma sexta-feira e terminou também a uma sexta-feira. No território que viria a ser o reino de Portugal estava em vigor a Era de César que já contava 1119 anos.
- 1834
- 1081MLXXXI
- 530-531
A Batalha de Dirráquio (perto da moderna Durrës, na Albânia) foi uma batalha ocorrida em 18 de outubro de 1081 entre o Império Bizantino, liderado pelo imperador Aleixo I Comneno (r. 1081-1118), e os normandos da Itália sob Roberto Guiscardo, o duque da Apúlia e da Calábria.
1081 was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1081st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 81st year of the 2nd millennium, the 81st year of the 11th century, and the 2nd year of the 1080s decade.
Proclamation No. 1081 was the document which contained formal proclamation of martial law in the Philippines by President Ferdinand Marcos, as announced to the public on September 23, 1972.
