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Félix Houphouët-Boigny ([feliks ufwɛ(t) bwaɲi]; [1] [2] Iamussucro, 18 de outubro de 1905 – 7 de dezembro de 1993), conhecido carinhosamente por Papa Houphouët (em francês: Papai Houphouët) ou Le Vieux (em francês: O Velho), foi o primeiro Presidente da Costa do Marfim, cargo onde permaneceu por mais de três décadas até ...
Félix Houphouët-Boigny est un homme politique français puis homme d'État ivoirien, né Dia Houphouët le 18 octobre 1905 à N'Gokro (village ayant précédé Yamoussoukro) selon la biographie officielle et mort le 7 décembre 1993 à Yamoussoukro.
- Early Life
- French Political Career
- President of Ivory Coast
- Death and Legacy
- Further Reading
- External Links
Birth, childhood and education
According to his official biography, Houphouët-Boigny was probably born on 18 October 1905, in Yamoussoukro to a family of hereditary chiefs of the Baoulé people. Unofficial accounts, however, place his birth date up to seven years earlier. Born into the animist Akouès tribe, he was named Dia Houphouët: his first name Dia means "prophet" or "magician". His father was N'Doli Houphouët. Dia Houphouët was the great-nephew through his mother of Queen Yamousso and the village chief, Kouassi N'Go....
Medical career
On 26 October 1925, Houphouët began his career as a doctor's aide at a hospital in Abidjan, where he founded an association of indigenous medical personnel. This undertaking proved short-lived as the colonial administration viewed it unsympathetically, considering it a trade union. As a consequence, they decided to move Houphouët to a lesser hospital in Guiglo on 27 April 1927. After he proved his considerable talents, however, he was promoted on 17 September 1929 to a post in Abengourou, whi...
First marriage
In 1930, Houphouët married Kady Racine Sow (1913–2006) in Abengourou; their union was controversial because he was a practising Catholic and she was the daughter of a wealthy Muslim from Senegal. The families of the two eventually overcame their opposition and accepted the interfaith union, the first ever celebrated in Ivory Coast. The couple had five children: Felix (who died in infancy), Augustine, Francis, Guillaume and Marie,all raised as Catholics.
Member of Parliament
In taking his seat at the National Assembly in the Palais Bourbon alongside compatriots Daniel Ouezzin Coulibaly and Zinda Kaboré, Houphouët-Boigny had to first decide with which group to side, and he opted for the Mouvements unis de la Résistance (Unified Resistance Movements), a small party composed of Communist sympathizers but not formal members of the Communist Party. He was appointed a member of the Commission des territoires d'outre-mer (Commission of Overseas Territories). During this...
Foundation of the RDA and Communist alliance
During the holding of the second Constituent Assembly the African representatives witnessed a strong reaction against the colonial liberalism that had been embedded in the rejected constitution drafted by the previous assembly. The new text, approved by the voters on 13 October 1946, reduced the African representatives from 30 to 24, and reduced the number of those entitled to vote; also, a large number of colonial topics were left in which the executive could govern by decree, and supervisio...
Rehabilitation and entry into government
In the 1951 elections, the number of seats was reduced from three to two; while Houphouët-Boigny still won a seat, the other RDA candidate, Ouezzin Coulibaly, did not. All in all, the RDA only garnered 67,200 of 109,759 votes in that election, and the party in direct opposition to it captured a seat. On 8 August 1951, Boigny, speaking at René Pleven's inauguration as president of the board, denied being the leader of a communist group; he was not believed until the RDA's 1952 affiliation with...
Early years and second marriage
Houphouët-Boigny officially became the head of the government of Ivory Coast on 1 May 1959. Although he faced no opposition from rival parties and the PDCI became the de facto party of the state in 1957, he was confronted by opposition from his own government. Radical nationalists, led by Jean-Baptiste Mockey, openly opposed the government's Francophile policies. In an attempt to solve this problem, Houphouët-Boigny decided to exile Mockey in September 1959, claiming that Mockey had attempted...
Leadership in Africa
Following the example of de Gaulle, who refused proposals for an integrated Europe, Houphouët-Boigny opposed Nkrumah's proposed United States of Africa, which called into question Ivory Coast's recently acquired national sovereignty. However, Houphouët-Boigny was not opposed to collective African institutions if they were subject to his influence or control. On 29 May 1959, in cooperation with Hamani Diori (Niger), Maurice Yaméogo (Upper Volta) and Hubert Maga (Dahomey), Houphouët-Boigny crea...
Françafrique
Throughout his presidency, Houphouët-Boigny surrounded himself with French advisers, such as Guy Nairay, Chief of Staff from 1960 to 1993, and Alain Belkiri, Secretary-General of the Ivorian government, whose influence extended to all areas. This type of diplomacy, which he labelled "Françafrique", allowed him to maintain very close ties with the former colonial power, making Ivory Coast France's primary African ally. Whenever one country would enter an agreement with an African nation, the o...
Succession and death
The political, social, and economic crises also touched the issue of who would succeed Houphouët-Boigny as head of state. After severing ties with his former political heir Philippe Yacé in 1980, who, as president of the National Assembly, was entitled to exercise the full functions of President of the Republic if the Head of State was incapacitated or absent, Houphouët-Boigny delayed as much as he could in officially designating a successor. The president's health became increasingly fragile...
Funeral
Following Houphouët-Boigny's death, the country's stability was maintained, as seen by his funeral on 7 February 1994. The funeral for this "doyen of francophone Africa" was held in the Basilica of Our Lady of Peace, with 7,000 guests inside the building and tens of thousands outside. The two-month delay before Houphouët-Boigny's funeral, common among members of the Baoule ethnic group, allowed for many ceremonies preceding his burial. The president's funeral featured many traditional African...
Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize
To establish his legacy as a man of peace, Houphouët-Boigny created an award in 1989, sponsored by UNESCO and funded entirely by extra-budgetary resources provided by the Félix-Houphouët-Boigny Foundation, to honor those who search for peace. The prize is "named after President Félix Houphouët-Boigny, the doyen of African Heads of State and a tireless advocate of peace, concord, fellowship and dialogue to solve all conflicts both within and between States". It is awarded annually along with a...
Harshe, Rajen (1984). Pervasive Entente: France and Ivory Coast in African Affairs. Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Humanities Press. ISBN 0-391-02891-X. OCLC 11143809.Rémy, Myléne (1981). The Ivory Coast Today (3rd ed.). Paris: Les Éditions J.A. ISBN 2-85258-212-0. OCLC 8499559.Tuinder, Bastiaan den (1978). Ivory Coast: The Challenge of Success. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-1939-3. OCLC 16421887.Wallerstein, Immanuel (1964). The Road to Independence: Ghana and the Ivory Coast. Mouton, Charente: La Haye. OCLC 935940.Speech Delivered by Mister Houphouet-Boigny, Minister of State at the Geo-Andre Stadium in Abidjan on 7 September 1958 (in English and French)
22 de fev. de 2024 · Learn about the annual prize that honours individuals or institutions for their contributions to peace, in accordance with the UN Charter and UNESCO Constitution. Find out the criteria, procedure, jury, and past winners, including Angela Merkel, Nelson Mandela, and Jimmy Carter.
Félix Houphouët-Boigny was a politician and physician who was president of Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast) from independence in 1960 until his death in 1993. Under his rule, it became one of the most prosperous nations in sub-Saharan Africa.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Félix Houphouët-Boigny, ganet Dia Houphouët, (wd 1905 - 7 a viz Kerzu 1993) a oa ur politikour ha prezidant kentañ Aod an Olifant. Studioù war ar vezegiezh a reas ha medisin e voe en e vro etre 1925 ha 1939.
13 de dez. de 2007 · Découvrez la vie et l'œuvre de Félix Houphouët-Boigny, le premier président de la Côte d'Ivoire indépendante, de 1960 à 1993. Apprenez-en plus sur son origine, son éducation, son rôle dans la décolonisation, son autoritarisme et son héritage.
