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Second-language attrition. Second-language attrition is the decline of second-language skills, which occurs whenever the learner uses the second language to an insufficient degree ( de Bot & Weltens 1991:43) or due to environmental changes the language use is limited and another language is becoming the dominant one (Olshtain 1989: 151).
Language Family Branch First-language (L1) speakers Second-language (L2) speakers Total speakers (L1+L2) English (excl. creole languages) Indo-European: Germanic: 380 million 1.077 billion: 1.456 billion Mandarin Chinese (incl. Standard Chinese, but excl. other varieties) Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: 939 million 199 million: 1.138 billion Hindi (excl ...
A foreign language is a language that is not an official language of, nor typically spoken in, a specific country. Native speakers from that country usually need to acquire it through conscious learning, such as through language lessons at school, self-teaching, or attending language courses. A foreign language might be learned as a second ...
Secondary language: spoken as a second language by more than 20% of the population, de facto working language of government, language of instruction in education, etc. Percentage of Americans aged 5+ speaking English at home in each Microdata Area (PUMA) of the 50 states, Washington, D.C. , and Puerto Rico , according to the 2016–2021 five-year American Community Survey Knowledge of the ...
Language is a structured system of communication that consists of grammar and vocabulary. It is the primary means by which humans convey meaning, both in spoken and written forms, and may also be conveyed through sign languages. Human language is characterized by its cultural and historical diversity, with significant variations observed ...
First language. A first language ( L1 ), native language, native tongue, or mother tongue is the first language a person has been exposed to from birth [1] or within the critical period. In some countries, the term native language or mother tongue refers to the language of one's ethnic group rather than the individual's actual first language.
World language. A world language (sometimes global language, [1] : 101 rarely international language [2] [3]) is a language that is geographically widespread and makes it possible for members of different language communities to communicate. The term may also be used to refer to constructed international auxiliary languages such as Esperanto. [4]
