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1240 (MCCXL, na numeração romana) foi um ano bissexto do século XVI do Calendário Juliano, da Era de Cristo, e as suas letras dominicais foram A e G (52 semanas), teve início a um domingo e terminou a uma segunda-feira.
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Events. By place. Europe. May 24 – Duke Skule Bårdsson, claimant to the Norwegian throne, is defeated by King Haakon IV ( the Old) and his supporters. He seeks refuge in Elgeseter Priory in Trondheim, and Haakon burns down the monastery, in which Skule is burned alive.
The 1240s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1240, and ended on December 31, 1249.
- Genealogy and Early Life
- Rise to Power 1188–1199
- Reign as Prince of Gwynedd
- Death and Aftermath
- Cultural Allusions
- Sources
- External Links
Llywelyn was born about 1173, the son of Iorwerth ab Owain and the grandson of Owain Gwynedd, who had been ruler of Gwynedd until his death in 1170. Llywelyn was a descendant of the senior line of Rhodri Mawr and therefore a member of the princely house of Gwynedd. He was probably born at Dolwyddelan, though not in the present Dolwyddelan Castle, w...
In his account of his journey around Wales in 1188, Giraldus Cambrensis mentions that the young Llywelyn was already in arms against his uncles Dafydd and Rhodri; In 1194, with the aid of his cousins Gruffudd ap Cynan and Maredudd ap Cynan, he defeated Dafydd at the Battle of Aberconwy at the mouth of the River Conwy. Rhodri died in 1195, and his l...
Consolidation 1200–1209
Gruffudd ap Cynan died in 1200 and left Llywelyn the undisputed ruler of Gwynedd. In 1201, he took Eifionydd and Llŷn from Maredudd ap Cynan on a charge of treachery. In July, the same year Llywelyn concluded a treaty with King John of England. This is the earliest surviving written agreement between an English king and a Welsh ruler, and under its terms Llywelyn was to swear fealty and do homage to the king. In return, it confirmed Llywelyn's possession of his conquests and allowed cases rel...
Setback and recovery 1210–1217
In 1210, relations between Llywelyn and King John deteriorated. J. E. Lloyd suggests that the rupture may have been due to Llywelyn forming an alliance with William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber, who had fallen out with the king and had been deprived of his lands. While John led a campaign against de Braose and his allies in Ireland, an army led by Earl Ranulph of Chester, and Peter des Roches, Bishop of Winchester, invaded Gwynedd. Llywelyn destroyed his own castle at Deganwy and retreated...
Treaty of Worcester and border campaigns 1218–1229
Following King John's death Llywelyn concluded the Treaty of Worcester with his successor Henry III in 1218. This treaty confirmed him in possession of all his recent conquests. From then until his death Llywelyn was the dominant force in Wales, though there were further outbreaks of hostilities with marcher lords, particularly the Marshall family and Hubert de Burgh, and sometimes with the king. Llywelyn built up marriage alliances with several of the Marcher families. One daughter, Gwladus...
Arrangements for the succession
In his later years, Llywelyn devoted much effort to ensuring that his only legitimate son, Dafydd, would follow him as ruler of Gwynedd and amended Welsh law as followed in Gwynedd. Llywelyn's amendment to Welsh law favouring legitimate children in a Church-sanctioned marriage mirrored the earlier efforts of the Lord Rhys, Prince of Deheubarth, in designating Gruffydd ap Rhys II as his heir over those of his illegitimate eldest son, Maelgwn ap Rhys. In both cases, favouring legitimate childre...
Death and the transfer of power
Joan died in 1237 and Llywelyn appears to have suffered a paralytic stroke the same year. From this time on, his heir Dafydd took an increasing part in the rule of the principality. Dafydd deprived his half-brother Gruffydd of the lands given him by Llywelyn, and later seized him and his eldest son Owain and held them in Criccieth Castle. The chronicler of Brut y Tywysogion records that in 1240, "the lord Llywelyn ap Iorwerth son of Owain Gwynedd, Prince of Wales, a second Achilles, died havi...
Historical assessment
Llywelyn dominated Wales for more than 40 years, and was one of only two Welsh rulers to be called "the Great", the other being his ancestor Rhodri the Great. The first person to give Llywelyn the title "the Great" seems to have been his near-contemporary, the English chronicler Matthew Paris. J. E. Lloyd gave the following assessment of Llywelyn: David Moore gives a different view:
A number of Welsh poems addressed to Llywelyn by contemporary poets such as Cynddelw Brydydd Mawr, Dafydd Benfras and Llywarch ap Llywelyn (better known under the nickname Prydydd y Moch) have survived. Very little of this poetry has been published in English translation. Llywelyn has continued to figure in modern Welsh literature. The play Siwan (...
Primary sources
1. Caley, John; et al., eds. (1830). Monasticon Anglicanum. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown. 2. Hoare, R. C., ed. 1908. Giraldus Cambrensis: The Itinerary through Wales; Description of Wales. Translated by R. C. Hoare. Everyman's Library. ISBN 0-460-00272-4 3. o Llancarfan, Caradog (1860). Williams, John (ed.). Brut y Tywysogion; or, The Chronicle of the Princes. London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts. 4. Jones, T., ed. 1941. Brut y Tywysogion: Peniarth MS. 20. University o...
Secondary sources
1. Bartrum, Peter C., ed. (1966). Early Welsh Genealogical Tracts. University of Wales Press.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) 2. Carr, A. D. (1995). Medieval Wales. Macmillan Press. ISBN 978-0-333-54773-1. 3. Davies, Rees R. (1987). Conquest, Coexistence, and Change: Wales 1063–1415. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821732-9. 4. Lloyd, John Edward (1911). A History of Wales, from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest. II. Longmans, Green & Co. 5. Lynch, Frances M. B. (199...
O Cerco de Kiev ou Quieve [1] pelo Império Mongol ocorreu entre 28 de novembro e 6 de dezembro de 1240 e resultou em vitória mongol. Foi pesado golpe à moral e tropas do Reino de Galícia-Volínia e permitiu ao general Batu Cã continuar a marcha à Europa. [2]
1240 foi um ano bissexto do século XVI do Calendário Juliano, da Era de Cristo, e as suas letras dominicais foram A e G, teve início a um domingo e terminou a uma segunda-feira.
