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The Vietnam War was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and a major conflict of the Cold War.
Guerra do Vietnã. Parte das Guerras na Indochina e da Guerra Fria. Da esquerda para a direita e de cima para baixo: Ofensiva do Tet; Fuzileiros embarcam nos helicópteros Huey na frente de combate; Massacre de civis em My Lai; Soldados incendeiam vilarejo vietnamita. Data. 1 de novembro de 1955 – 30 de abril de 1975.
- Timeline
- Under The Kennedy Administration
- Reasons For U.S. Intervention in Vietnam
- Americanization
- Vietnamization, 1969–73
- Views on The War
- Financial Cost
- Impact on The U.S. Military
- External Links
Early 20th-century
1. 1919 - The Council of Four ignores a petition written by Ho Chi Minh seeking Vietnamese independence from French rule. 2. 1941 - Franklin D. Roosevelt declines repeated requests from the French to assist France's attempts to recolonize Vietnam. 3. July 1945 - Members of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), commanded by Major Allison Thomas, parachute into Vietnam to help train Viet Minh forces for operations against occupying Japanese forces. 4. August 15, 1945 — Japan surrenders to the...
1950s
1. May 1, 1950 — After the capture of Hainan Island from Chinese Nationalist forces by the Chinese People's Liberation Army, President Truman approves $10 million in military assistance for anti-communist efforts in Indochina. The Defense Attaché Office was established in Saigon in May 1950, a formal recognition of Viet Nam (vice French Indochina). This was the beginning of formal U.S. military personnel assignments in Viet Nam. U.S. Naval, Army and Air Force personnel established their respe...
1960s
1. November 1960 — Coup attempt by paratroopersis foiled after Diệm falsely promises reform, allowing loyalists to crush the rebels. 2. December 20, 1960 — The National Liberation Front of South Vietnam(NLF) is founded. 3. January 1961 — Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev pledges support for "wars of national liberation" throughout the world. The idea of creating a neutral Laosis suggested to Kennedy. 4. May 1961 — Kennedy sends 400 United States Army Special Forces personnel to South Vietnamto...
In 1961, the new administration of President John F. Kennedy took a new approach to aiding anti-communist forces in Vietnam which differed from the administrations of Presidents Truman and Eisenhower, who felt the neighboring country Laos was the "cork in the bottle" in combating the threat of Communism in southeast Asia.Kennedy was fearful of the ...
The Fear of Communism
A major factor that led President Lyndon B. Johnson to intervene into Vietnam militarily was the fear of communism due to Cold War tensions with communist countries such as China and the Soviet Union. South Vietnam was very important to the U.S. in Asia with it being perceived as a western democratic state. After the intervention of Joseph Stalin and Mao Zedong in the Indochina War, the U.S. was fearful of a repeat of the Korean War. Also, if the U.S. intervened, this would have increased the...
Lyndon B. Johnson's role
A great deal of the blame for U.S. failures in Vietnam has been cast on Lyndon B. Johnson by historians. His decision making was motivated by a variety of reasons, including his personal fear of appearing soft on communism, but also his fear of engaging America in another stalemate like the Korean War. It is largely agreed upon that Johnson inherited a complicated situation from his predecessor, John F. Kennedy. Consequently, Johnson faced a difficult situation regarding whether the costs of...
Laos or Vietnam?
According to Seth Jacobs, during the 1950s and 1960s, there was a conceptualisation of Asian nations across a hierarchy of good and bad within the American imagination, which affected US policymakers view of how intervention would materialise. Jacobs states: Jacobs writes that Eisenhower and later Kennedy both "reduced the Lao to a set of stereotypes: childlike, lazy, submissive, unfit to fight the free world's battles".Therefore, Kennedy was dissuaded from sponsoring a military intervention...
Gulf of Tonkin
On July 27, 1964, 5,000 additional U.S. military advisers were ordered to the Republic of Vietnam (RVN or South Vietnam), bringing the total American troop level to 21,000. Shortly thereafter an incident occurred off the coast of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) that was destined to escalate the conflict to new levels and lead to the full scale Americanizationof the war. On the evening of August 2, 1964, the destroyer USS Maddox was conducting an electronic intelligence coll...
Operation Rolling Thunder, 1965–68
In February 1965, a U.S. air base at Pleiku, in the Central Highlands of South Vietnam, was attacked twice by the NLF, resulting in the deaths of over a dozen U.S. personnel. These guerrilla attacks prompted the administration to order retaliatory air strikes against North Vietnam. Operation Rolling Thunder was the code name given to a sustained strategic bombing campaign targeted against the North by aircraft of the U.S. Air Force and Navy that was inaugurated on March 2, 1965. Its original...
Build-up
President Johnson had already appointed General William C. Westmoreland to succeed General Harkins as Commander of MACV in June 1964. Under Westmoreland, the expansion of American troop strength in South Vietnam took place. American forces rose from 16,000 during 1964 to more than 553,000 by 1969. With the U.S. decision to escalate its involvement it had created the Many Flags program to legitimize intervention and ANZUS Pact allies Australia and New Zealand agreed to contribute troops and ma...
Richard Nixon had campaigned in the 1968 presidential election under the slogan that he would end the war in Vietnam and bring "peace with honor". However, there was no plan to do this, and the American commitment continued for another five years. The goal of the American military effort was to buy time, gradually building up the strength of the So...
In the post-war era, Americans struggled to absorb the lessons of the military intervention. General Maxwell Taylor, one of the principal architects of the war, noted: President Ronald Reagan coined the term "Vietnam Syndrome" to describe the reluctance of the American public and politicians to support further military interventions abroad after Vi...
Between 1953 and 1975, the United States was estimated to have spent $168 billion on the war (equivalent to $1.59 trillion in 2022). This resulted in a large federal budget deficit. Other figures point to $138.9 billion from 1965 to 1974 (not inflation-adjusted), 10 times all education spending in the US and 50 times more than housing and community...
By the war's end, 58,220 American soldiers had been killed, more than 150,000 had been wounded, and at least 21,000 had been permanently disabled. The average age of the U.S. troops killed in Vietnam was 23.11 years. According to Dale Kueter, "Of those killed in combat, 86.3 percent were white, 12.5 percent were black and the remainder from other r...
The short film President John Kennedy's Press Conference on South Vietnam (1963) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive.The short film Laos: The Not So Secret War (1970) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive.The short film Big Picture: Why Vietnam? is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive.23 de jun. de 2024 · The Vietnam War (1954–75) was a conflict that pitted the communist government of North Vietnam and its allies in South Vietnam, the Viet Cong, against South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States. It was part of a larger regional conflict as well as a manifestation of the Cold War.
- Ronald H. Spector
Estimates of casualties of the Vietnam War vary widely. Estimates can include both civilian and military deaths in North and South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. The war lasted from 1955 to 1975 and most of the fighting took place in South Vietnam; accordingly it suffered the most casualties.
The Vietnam War lasted about 40 years and involved several countries. Learn about Vietnam War protests, the Tet Offensive, the My Lai Massacre, the Pentagon Papers and more.
A Queda de Saigon ( português brasileiro) ou Queda de Saigão ( português europeu) (também conhecida como Libertação de Saigon) foi a captura da cidade de Saigon, capital do Vietnã do Sul, pelo exército norte-vietnamita e pelos Vietcongs em 30 de abril de 1975.
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