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Flags. The Prussian national and merchant flag was originally a simple black-white-black flag issued on May 22, 1818, but this was replaced on March 12, 1823, with a new flag. The revised one (3:5) was parted black, white, and black (1:4:1), showing in the white stripe the eagle with a blue orb bound in gold and a scepter ending in another eagle.
The Prussian Reform Movement was a series of constitutional, administrative, social, and economic reforms early in 19th-century Prussia. They are sometimes known as the Stein–Hardenberg Reforms, for Karl Freiherr vom Stein and Karl August von Hardenberg, their main initiators. German historians, such as Heinrich von Treitschke, saw the ...
Wassily Leontief. Ladislaus Josephovich Bortkiewicz ( Russian Владислав Иосифович Борткевич, German Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz or Ladislaus von Bortkewitsch) (7 August 1868 – 15 July 1931) was a Russian economist and statistician of Polish ancestry. He wrote a book showing how the Poisson distribution, a discrete ...
The Prussian Army was the armed forces of the Kingdom of Prussia, founded in 1701 by Friedrich I of Prussia. They were famed as some of Europe's best-trained troops, thanks to the reforms of Frederick the Great. When Prussia was founded in 1701 by Friedrich of Brandenburg, it required an army to act as its self-defense force, primarily against the ominous threats of the Holy Roman Empire ...
Old Prussians, Baltic Prussians or simply Prussians [1] were a Baltic people that inhabited the region of Prussia, on the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea between the Vistula Lagoon to the west and the Curonian Lagoon to the east. As Balts, they spoke an Indo-European language of the Baltic branch now known as Old Prussian and worshipped ...
Canton system (Prussia) The Canton System ( German: Kantonsystem or Kantonssystem) or Canton Regulation ( Kantonreglement) was a system of recruitment used by the Prussian army between 1733 and 1813. The country was divided into recruiting districts called cantons ( Kantone ), and each canton was the responsibility of a regiment.
Prussian Army order of battle. The Prussian Army was led by Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, Prince of Wahlstadt and his chief of staff August von Gneisenau and remained independent from the allied Anglo-Dutch-German army during the course of the campaign. Staff. Major General Karl von Grolman, was Quartermaster General.
