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Diprotodontia – Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre. Os diprotodontes, que incluem os cangurus e os coalas, pertencem à maior ordem de marsupiais (Diprotodontia) com dez famílias e 117 espécies, todas da Australásia, principalmente da Austrália e Nova Guiné.
- Diprotodonte – Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre
Diprotodonte. Em zoologia, chamam-se diprotodontes aos...
- Diprotodon – Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre
O diprotodonte (gênero Diprotodon), também conhecido como...
- Diprotodonte – Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre
Diprotodontia (/ daɪˌproʊtəˈdɒntiə /, from Greek "two forward teeth") is the largest extant order of marsupials, with about 155 species, [2] including the kangaroos, wallabies, possums, koala, wombats, and many others. Extinct diprotodonts include the hippopotamus -sized Diprotodon, and Thylacoleo, the so-called "marsupial lion". Characteristics.
Diprotodonte. Em zoologia, chamam-se diprotodontes aos mamíferos que têm dois incisivos proeminentes na mandíbula inferior, como os cangurus (em oposição aos marsupiais americanos, que são poliprotodontes).
O diprotodonte (gênero Diprotodon), também conhecido como vombate-gigante, foi um marsupial pré-histórico australiano parente do vombate, só que muito maior. De fato, ele chegava ao tamanho de um rinoceronte e foi o maior marsupial que já viveu.
- Research History
- Classification
- Description
- Paleobiology
- Palaeoecology
- Cultural Significance
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- Further Reading
In 1830, farmer George Ranken found a diverse fossil assemblage while exploring Wellington Caves, New South Wales, Australia. This was the first major site of extinct Australian megafauna. Remains of Diprotodon were excavated when Ranken later returned as part of a formal expedition that was headed by explorer Major Thomas Mitchell. At the time the...
Phylogeny
Diprotodon is a marsupial in the order Diprotodontia,[d] suborder Vombatiformes (wombats and koalas), and infraorder Vombatomorphia (wombats and allies). It is unclear how different groups of vombatiformes are related to each other because the most-completely known members—living or extinct—are exceptionally derived (highly specialised forms that are quite different from their last common ancestor). In 1872, American mammalogist Theodore Gill erected the superfamily Diprotodontoidea and famil...
Evolution
Diprotodontidae is the most diverse family in Vombatomorphia; it was better adapted to the spreading dry, open landscapes over the last tens of millions of years than other groups in the infraorder, living or extinct. Diprotodon has been found in every Australian state, making it the most-widespread Australian megafauna in the fossil record.[e] The oldest vombatomorph (and vombatiform) is Mukupirna, which was identified in 2020 from Oligocene deposits of the South Australian Namba Formation d...
Skull
Diprotodon has a long, narrow skull. Like other marsupials, the top of the skull of Diprotodon is flat or depressed over the small braincase and the sinuses of the frontal bone. Like many other giant vombatiformes, the frontal sinuses are extensive; in a specimen from Bacchus Marsh, they take up 2,675 cc (163.2 cu in)—roughly 25% of skull volume—whereas the brain occupies 477 cc (29.1 cu in)—only 4% of the skull volume. Marsupials tend to have smaller brain-to-body mass ratios than placental...
Vertebrae
Diprotodon had seven cervical (neck) vertebrae . The atlas, the first cervical (C1), has a pair of deep cavities for insertion of the occipital condyles. The diaphophyses of the atlas, an upward-angled projection on either the side of the vertebra, are relatively short and thick, and resemble those of wombats and koalas. The articular surface of the axis (C2), the part that joints to another vertebra, is slightly concave on the front side and flat on the back side. As in kangaroos, the axis h...
Size
Diprotodon is the largest-known marsupial to ever have lived. In life, adult Diprotodon could have reached 160–180 cm (5 ft 3 in – 5 ft 11 in) at the shoulders and 275–340 cm (9–11 ft) from head to tail. Accounting for cartilaginous intervertebral discs, Diprotodonmay have been 20% longer than reconstructed skeletons, exceeding 400 cm (13 ft 1 in). As researchers were formulating predictive body-mass equations for fossil species, efforts were largely constrained to eutherian mammals rather th...
Diet
Like modern megaherbivores, most evidently the African elephant, Pleistocene Australian megafauna likely had a profound effect on the vegetation, limiting the spread of forest cover and woody plants. Carbon isotope analysis suggests Diprotodon fed on a broad range of foods and, like kangaroos, was consuming both C3—well-watered trees, shrubs, and grasses—and C4 plants—arid grasses. Carbon isotope analyses on Diprotodon excavated from the Cuddie Springs site in units SU6 (possibly 45,000 years...
Migration and sociality
In 2017, by measuring the strontium isotope ratio (87Sr/86Sr) at various points along the Diprotodon incisor QMF3452 from the Darling Downs, and matching those ratios to the ratios of sites across that region, Price and colleagues determined Diprotodon made seasonal migrations, probably in search of food or watering holes. This individual appears to have been following the Condamine River and, while apparently keeping to the Darling Downs during the three years this tooth had been growing, it...
Gait
The locomotion of an extinct animal can be inferred using fossil trackways, which seldom preserve in Australia over the Cenozoic. Only the trackways of humans, kangaroos, vombatids, Diprotodon, and the diprotodontid Euowenia have been identified. Diprotodon trackways have been found at Lake Callabonna and the Victorian Volcanic Plain grasslands. The diprotodontid manus (forepaw) print is semi-circular and the pes (hindpaw) is reniform (kidney-shaped). Owing to proportionally small digits, mos...
Diprotodon was present across the entire Australian continent by the Late Pleistocene, especially following MIS5 approximately 110,000 years ago. The onset of the Quaternary glaciation, with the continuous advance and retreat of glaciers at the poles, created extreme climatic variability elsewhere. In Australia, the warmer, wetter interglacial peri...
Fossil evidence
Despite the role the first Aboriginal Australians are speculated to have had in the extinction of Diprotodon and other mammalian megafauna in Australia, there is little evidence humans used them at all in the 20,000 years of coexistence. No fossils of mammalian megafauna suggestive of human butchery or cooking have been found.[k] In 1984, Gail Paton discovered an upper-right Diprotodon incisor (2I) bearing 28 visible cut marks in Spring Creek, south-western Victoria; Ron Vanderwald and Richar...
Mythology
When the first massive fossils in Australia were dug up, it was not clear what animals they might have represented because there were no serious scientists on the continent. Local residents guessed some may have been the remains of rhinos or elephants. European settlers, the most-vocal of whom was Reverend John Dunmore Lang, forwarded these fossils as evidence of the Genesis flood narrative. Aboriginal Australians also attempted to fit the finds into their own religious ideas, quickly associa...
Rock art representations
Aboriginal Australians decorated caves with paintings and drawings of several creatures but the identities of the subjects are often unclear. In 1907, Australian anthropologist Herbert Basedow found footprint petroglyphs in Yunta Springs and Wilkindinna, South Australia, which he believed were those of Diprotodon. In 1988, Australian historian Percy Trezise presented what he thought was a Quinkan depiction of Diprotodon to the First Congress of the Australian Rock Art Research Association. Bo...
"3D model of the skull of Diprotodon". phenome10k.org.Clode, D. (2009). Prehistoric Giants: The megafauna of Australia. Museum Victoria. ISBN 978-0-9803813-2-0.Mahoney, J. A.; Ride, W. D. L. (1975). "Index to the genera and species described from Australia and New Guinea from 1838 to 1968" (PDF). Western Australian Museum Special Publication (6): 87. Arch...Owen, R. (1870). Restoration of an extinct elephantine marsupial (Diprotodon australis). Taylor and Francis.Vickers-Rich, P.; Monaghan, J. M.; Baird, R. F.; Rich, T. H., eds. (1991). Vertebrate palaeontology of Australasia. Vol. -. Pioneer Design Studio in cooperation with the Monash University Publicati...Diprotodontia De Wikipedia, a enciclopédia livre Os diprotodontes , que incluem os cangurus e os coalas , pertencem à maior ordem de marsupiais ( Diprotodontia ) com dez famílias e 117 espécies, todas da Australásia , principalmente da Austrália e Nova Guiné .
Diprotodontidae is an extinct family of large herbivorous marsupials, endemic to Australia and New Guinea during the Oligocene through Pleistocene periods from 28.4 million to 40,000 years ago. [1] Description.
