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Radclyffe Hall was an English poet and novelist, best known for The Well of Loneliness, a groundbreaking work in lesbian literature. She lived with two women, Mabel Batten and Una Troubridge, and faced legal challenges for her sexuality and her book.
Radclyffe Hall (Bournemouth, 12 de agosto de 1880 - Londres, 7 de outubro de 1943), nascida Marguerite Radclyffe-Hall, foi uma poetisa e romancista inglesa, melhor conhecida por seu clássico da ficção romance lésbico The Well of Loneliness.
8 de ago. de 2024 · Radclyffe Hall was an English writer who wrote The Well of Loneliness, a novel about lesbian love that caused a scandal and was banned in Britain. Learn about her life, other novels, poems, and the controversy surrounding her book.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Background
- Social and Cultural Context
- Plot Summary
- Sexology
- Social Impact and Legacy
- Publication and Contemporary Response
- Possible Autobiography
- Sunday Express Campaign
- Us Publication and Trial
- Other 1928 Lesbian Novels
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In 1926, Radclyffe Hall was at the height of her career. Her novel Adam's Breed, about the spiritual awakening of an Italian headwaiter, had become a best-seller; it would soon win the Prix Femina and the James Tait Black Prize. She had long thought of writing a novel about sexual inversion; now, she believed, her literary reputation would allow su...
Paris lesbian and gay subculture
In Hall's time, Paris was known for having a relatively large and visible gay and lesbian community – in part because France, unlike England, had no laws against male homosexuality. Marcel Proust's novels continued in their influence upon 1920s Parisian society depicting lesbian and gay subculture. When Stephen first travels to Paris, at the urging of her friend Jonathan Brockett – who may be based on Noël Coward – she has not yet spoken about her inversion to anyone. Brockett, acting as tour...
World War I
Although Hall's author's note disclaims any real-world basis for the ambulance unit that Stephen joins, she drew heavily on the wartime experiences of her friend Toupie Lowther, co-commander of the only women's unit to serve on the front in France. Lowther, like Stephen, came from an aristocratic family, adopted a masculine style of dress, and was an accomplished fencer, tennis player, motorist and jujitsu enthusiast.In later years she said the character of Stephen was based on her, which may...
Christianity and spiritualism
Hall, who had converted to the Roman Catholic Church in 1912, was devoutly religious. She was also a believer in communication with the dead and had once hoped to become a medium – a fact that brought her into conflict with the church, which condemned spiritualism. Both these beliefs made their way into The Well of Loneliness. Stephen, born on Christmas Eve and named after the first martyr of Christianity, dreams as a child that "in some queer way she [is] Jesus". When she discovers that Coll...
The book's protagonist, Stephen Gordon, is born in the late Victorian era to upper-class parents in Worcestershire who are expecting a boy and who christen her with the name they had already chosen. Even at birth she is physically unusual, a "narrow-hipped, wide-shouldered little tadpole of a baby". She hates dresses, wants to cut her hair short an...
Hall describes The Well of Loneliness as "The first long and very serious novel entirely upon the subject of sexual inversion". She wrote The Well of Loneliness in part to popularise the ideas of sexologists such as Richard von Krafft-Ebing and Havelock Ellis, who regarded homosexuality as an inborn and unalterable trait: congenital sexual inversio...
Awareness of homosexuality in society
In 1921, Lord Birkenhead, the Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, had opposed a bill that would have criminalised lesbianism on the grounds that "of every thousand women ... 999 have never even heard a whisper of these practices". In reality, awareness of lesbianism had been gradually increasing since World War I, but it was still a subject most people had never heard of, or perhaps just preferred to ignore. The Well of Loneliness made sexual inversion a subject of household conversation f...
Clothing and sexuality
James Douglas illustrated his denunciation of The Well with a photograph of Radclyffe Hall in a silk smoking jacket and bow tie, holding a cigarette and monocle. She was also wearing a straight knee-length skirt, but later Sunday Express articles cropped the photo so tightly that it became difficult to tell she was not wearing trousers. Hall's style of dress was not scandalous in the 1920s; short hairstyles were common, and the combination of tailored jackets and short skirts was a recognised...
Negative portrayal of the feminine lesbian
In the 1970s and early '80s, when lesbian feminists rejected the butch and femme identities that Hall's novel had helped to define, writers like Jane Rule and Blanche Wiesen Cook criticised The Wellfor defining lesbianism in terms of masculinity, as well as for presenting lesbian life as "joyless". Furthermore, The Well arguably embodies what modern readers may regard as misogynistic and biphobic ideas in its presentation of the femmewomen who experience attraction towards Stephen but eventua...
Three publishers praised The Well but turned it down. Hall's agent then sent the manuscript to Jonathan Cape who, though cautious about publishing a controversial book, saw the potential for a commercial success. Cape tested the waters with a small print run of 1500 copies, priced at 15 shillings – about twice the cost of an average novel – to make...
Although Hall's childhood bore little resemblance to Stephen's life, in the 1970s and 1980s, some writers such as Hall's early biographers Lovat Dickson and Richard Ormrod had treated The Well of Loneliness as a thinly veiled autobiography.[b] Angela Crossby may be a composite of various women with whom Hall had affairs in her youth, but Mary, whos...
James Douglas, editor of the Sunday Express, did not agree. Douglas was a dedicated moralist and an exponent of muscular Christianity, a movement which sought to reinvigorate the Church of England by promoting physical health and manliness. His colourfully worded editorials on subjects such as "the flapper vote" (that is, the extension of suffrage ...
Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. had planned to publish The Well of Lonelinessin the United States at the same time as Cape in the United Kingdom. But after Cape brought forward the publication date, Knopf found itself in the position of publishing a book that had been withdrawn in its home country. They refused, telling Hall that nothing they could do would ...
Three other novels with lesbian themes were published in England in 1928: Elizabeth Bowen's The Hotel, Virginia Woolf's Orlando and Compton Mackenzie's satirical novel Extraordinary Women. None were banned. The Hotel, like earlier English novels in which critics have identified lesbian themes, is marked by complete reticence, while Orlando may have...
The Well of Loneliness is a lesbian novel by British author Radclyffe Hall, published in 1928. It depicts the life of Stephen Gordon, a woman who suffers from "sexual inversion" and faces social rejection and isolation.
- Radclyffe Hall
- 1928
29 de abr. de 2021 · Learn about the life and legacy of Radclyffe Hall, a British author and queer icon who wrote the first lesbian novel, ‘The Well of Loneliness’. Discover how her novel sparked controversy, resistance and obscenity trial, and how her letters and documents reveal her identity and experiences.
3 de mai. de 2024 · Learn about the life and works of Radclyffe Hall, the author of The Well of Loneliness, a landmark novel of lesbian fiction. Discover how she overcame a difficult childhood, a turbulent love life, and a controversial trial to become a celebrated writer.
30 de ago. de 2019 · Learn about Radclyffe Hall, a British novelist and poet who wrote The Well of Loneliness, a groundbreaking lesbian novel. Explore her life, love affairs, gender identity, and literary achievements.
