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A onça-parda (português brasileiro) ou puma (português europeu) (nome científico: Puma concolor), também conhecida no Brasil por suçuarana e leão-baio, é um mamífero carnívoro da família dos felídeos (Felidae) e gênero Puma, nativo da América.
O puma habita boa parte da América, podendo ser encontrado desde o Canadá, passando pela América Central, pelo Brasil e chegando até o sul do Chile e Argentina. Delimita seu território com urina, fezes, arranhões e secreções da glândula anal espalhadas nas árvores.
- Overview
- Natural history
- Population status and taxonomy
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The puma is also called mountain lion, cougar, panther, and catamount. Its scientific name is Puma concolor.
How big are pumas?
Pumas living near the Equator are generally smaller than those living farther north and south. Males in North America average 62 kilograms (136 pounds), but rare individuals can exceed 100 kilograms (220 pounds), and length is about 1.2 metres (4 feet), excluding the 0.75-metre (2.5-foot) tail. Females are somewhat shorter and average about 42 kilograms (93 pounds).
What do pumas eat?
The primary prey of pumas is hoofed mammals, especially deer, that are larger than themselves. In North America, each puma kills about 48 hoofed mammals per year and smaller prey, including rabbits and hares, coyotes, bobcats, porcupines, beavers, opossums, raccoons, skunks, and other pumas. Domestic livestock, especially sheep, goats, and young calves, are also taken.
Where do pumas live?
The puma is active mostly at dusk, night, and dawn. Throughout its range its primary prey is hoofed mammals (ungulates, especially deer) larger than itself. In North America each puma kills about 48 ungulates per year and a larger number of smaller prey, including rabbits and hares, coyotes, bobcats, porcupines, beavers, opossums, raccoons, skunks, and other pumas. Domestic livestock, especially sheep, goats, and young calves, are also taken. It is rare for pumas to feed on carcasses that they did not kill. When hunting, a puma moves about 10 km (6 miles) per night, hunting in several travel bouts averaging 1.2 hours each. Traveling alternates with shorter periods of stalking, waiting in ambush, or resting. Slower than most of its prey, it springs from cover at close range, usually from behind the intended victim. When feeding on a large mammal, it minimizes spoilage and loss to scavengers by dragging the carcass to a secluded cache site and covering it with leaves and debris. During the day the cat commonly beds within 50 metres of the carcass, and it will feed for an average of three nights on a large kill. Except when feeding on large prey, a puma rarely beds in the same location on successive days.
Adult males and females are both solitary except for breeding associations lasting one to six days. Pumas are usually silent, but during this time they emit long, frightening screams intermittently for several hours. Pumas breed throughout the year, with a summer peak in births at higher latitudes. The interval between births is about two years, but it is less if a litter dies or disperses early. Cubs are born after a 90-day gestation period; the litter size usually is three but ranges from one to six. Spotted and born blind, each weighs about half a kilogram. The birth site, usually in nearly impenetrable vegetation, is kept free of feces and prey remains. It lacks any obvious modifications and is abandoned when the cubs are about 40–70 days old. Cubs are reared without assistance from adult males, which occasionally kill cubs that are not their own offspring. Cubs accompany their mother until dispersing at 10–26 months of age, but most die before they can fend for themselves. Upon surviving their first two years, juvenile females disperse 9–140 km (average 32 km); juvenile males generally disperse farther, sometimes traveling more than 250 km. It may take a year for them to become part of the breeding population, and during the transition an individual may sequentially occupy and abandon one to five small transient home ranges. If a home range can be established, the cat can be expected to live another 7–11 years. Wolves and bears occasionally kill pumas and sometimes commandeer the carcasses of prey killed by them. Most deaths, however, are attributable to hunters, other cougars, or motor vehicles.
At the time of European settlement in the New World, pumas occupied all of what are today the lower 48 United States and southern Canada. At present they are primarily found west of 100° W longitude (approximately central Texas to Saskatchewan) except for southern Texas and are an endangered population in Florida (the Florida panther, P. concolor coryi). Information is lacking for Central and South America, although most suitable habitats there are thought to be inhabited. A subspecies known as the eastern cougar (P. concolor cougar), which once inhabited the eastern United States and southern Ontario and was listed as endangered in 1973, was declared extinct in 2011.
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Since 1950 pumas have been eliminated from the states of Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, and West Virginia. Until the 1960s pumas were taken by U.S. government hunters and subject to state bounties. Since 1970 control efforts in the United States and Canada have focused on known livestock killers, and most states and provinces now manage populations for sustained sport hunting. In most of the western United States and Canada, populations of mountain lions (P. concolor concolor) are thought to be stable or increasing except where habitat is being fragmented by urban sprawl.
Although cougars are elusive and usually avoid people, there are about four attacks and one fatality per year on humans in the United States and Canada. Most victims are children or adults traveling alone. Risk can be minimized by walking in groups and keeping children within sight. An aggressive human response can avert an impending attack and can repel an attack in progress.
The power and stealth of the puma have come to epitomize the wilderness, and the cat has therefore received prominent consideration in conservation and recovery efforts. For example, habitat corridors are planned between large natural areas in order to benefit large carnivores such as the puma. Research has demonstrated that dispersing pumas readily find and use habitat corridors, and radio tracking of these wide-ranging predators can be used to identify appropriate areas to conserve as corridors.
Puma is a large brownish cat that lives in various habitats across the Western Hemisphere, from Alaska to Argentina. It hunts mainly deer and other ungulates, and has a wide range of adaptations and behaviors to survive and reproduce.
A onça-parda (português brasileiro) ou puma (português europeu) (nome científico: Puma concolor), também conhecida no Brasil por suçuarana e leão-baio, é um mamífero carnívoro da família dos felídeos (Felidae) e gênero Puma, nativo da América.
habitat. O puma habita falésias rochosas e gramíneas baixas. Embora estas sejam as condições preferidas do puma, é um animal incrivelmente adaptável aos habitats onde se encontra, por isso pode ser encontrado em: florestas, selvas tropicais, pastagens e até mesmo em áreas desérticas.
Habitat e Distribuição do Puma. O Puma é uma espécie altamente adaptável, encontrada em diversos habitats das Américas, desde florestas tropicais até desertos áridos. Sua ampla distribuição abrange desde o Canadá até a Argentina, sendo especialmente comum nas áreas montanhosas.
5 de jun. de 2021 · Estes animais vivem na Amazônia, cerrado, caatinga, pantanal. Além disso, embora a mata atlântica ainda tenha apenas 7,3% de cobertura florestal, o puma concolor também pode ser encontrado lá. A espécie é encontrada em maior quantidade na América Central e do Sul.
