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Fascismo é uma ideologia política ultranacionalista e autoritária [1] [2] [3] [4] caracterizada por poder ditatorial, repressão da oposição por via da força e ...
Fascism (/ ˈ f æ ʃ ɪ z əm / FASH-iz-əm) is a far-right, authoritarian, ultranationalist political ideology and movement, characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural social hierarchy, subordination of individual interests for the perceived good ...
Fascism opposed class conflict and the egalitarian and international character of socialism. It strongly opposed liberalism, communism, anarchism, and democratic socialism.
- By Encyclopedias and Dictionaries
- By Fascists
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- By Marxists
- By Others
- "Fascist" as Insult
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Encyclopaedia Britannica
The Encyclopaedia Britannica defines fascism as a "political ideology and mass movement that dominated many parts of central, southern, and eastern Europe between 1919 and 1945 and that also had adherents in western Europe, the United States, South Africa, Japan, Latin America, and the Middle East.", adding that "Although fascist parties and movements differed significantly from one another, they had many characteristics in common, including extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for elec...
Holocaust Encyclopedia
The Holocaust Encyclopediadefines fascism as "a far-right political philosophy, or theory of government, that emerged in the early twentieth century. Fascism prioritizes the nation over the individual, who exists to serve the nation." and as "an ultranationalist, authoritarian political philosophy. It combines elements of nationalism, militarism, economic self-sufficiency, and totalitarianism. It opposes communism, socialism, pluralism, individual rights and equality, and democratic government."
Benito Mussolini
Benito Mussolini, who was the first to use the term for his political party in 1915, described fascism in The Doctrine of Fascism, published in 1932, as follows: In a speech before the Chamber of Deputies on 26 May 1927, Mussolini said:
Francisco Franco
In an interview with Henri Massis in 1938, Spanish Nationalist leader Francisco Francodescribed his movement in Spain as part of a wider trend and said about this trend:
Umberto Eco
In his 1995 essay "Ur-Fascism", cultural theorist Umberto Eco lists fourteen general properties of fascist ideology. He argues that it is not possible to organise these into a coherent system, but that "it is enough that one of them be present to allow fascism to coagulate around it". He uses the term "ur-fascism" as a generic description of different historical forms of fascism. The fourteen properties are as follows: 1. "The cult of tradition", characterized by cultural syncretism, even at...
Emilio Gentile
Italian historian of fascism Emilio Gentile described fascism in 1996 as the "sacralization of politics" through totalitarian methodsand argued the following ten constituent elements: 1. a mass movement with multiclass membership in which prevail, among the leaders and the militants, the middle sectors, in large part new to political activity, organized as a party militia, that bases its identity not on social hierarchy or class origin but on a sense of comradeship, believes itself invested w...
Roger Griffin
Historian and political scientist Roger Griffin's definition of fascism focuses on the populist fascist rhetoric that argues for a "re-birth" of a conflated nation and ethnic people.According to Griffin, Griffin writes that a broad scholarly consensus developed in English-speaking social sciences during the 1990s, around the following definition of fascism: Griffin argues that the above definition can be condensed into one sentence: "Fascism is a political ideology whose mythic core in its va...
Marxists argue that fascism represents the last attempt of a ruling class (specifically, the capitalist bourgeoisie) to preserve its grip on power in the face of an imminent proletarian revolution. Marxists believe fascist movements are not necessarily createdby the ruling class, but they can only gain political power with the help of that class an...
Laurence W. Britt
In the Spring 2003 issue of the secular humanist magazine Free Inquiry, Laurence W. Britt, who is described as "a retired international businessperson, writer, and commentator" published "Fascism Anyone?", which included a list of 14 defining characteristics of fascism. The list has since been widely circulated in both modified and unmodified forms.In a newspaper interview in 2004, Britt expanded and clarified the meaning of some of the points in his list, and discussed how they applied to th...
George Orwell
Anti-fascist author George Orwell describes fascism in economic terms in a 1941 essay, "Shopkeepers At War": Writing for Tribunemagazine in 1944, Orwell stated: See also Orwell's comment in the "Fascist" as insultsection below.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
American President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who led the US into war with the fascist Axis powers, wrote about fascism:
Some have argued that the terms fascism and fascist have become hopelessly vague since the World War II period, and that today it is little more than a pejorative used by supporters of various political views to insult their opponents. The word fascist is sometimes used to denigrate people, institutions, or groups that would not describe themselves...
Notes Bibliography 1. Eatwell, Roger (1996). Fascism: A History (1st American ed.). New York: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0713991475. 2. Ellwood, R. (1999). "Nazism as a Millennialist Movement". In Wessinger, Catherine (ed.). Millennialism, Persecution, and Violence: Historical Cases. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0815628095. 3. Fritzsche, Peter (19...
Albânia. O Partido Fascista albanês (albanês: Partia Fashiste e Shqipërisë - pFSH) foi um movimento fascista, que detinha o poder nominal na Albânia em 1939, quando o país foi conquistado pela Itália, até 1943, quando a Itália se rendeu aos Aliados. Depois disso, a Albânia caiu sob ocupação alemã, e o pFSH foi substituído pela ...
O Fascismo é melhor definido como uma forma revolucionária de nacionalismo, que se propõe a ser uma revolução política, social e ética, soldando o "povo" em uma comunidade nacional dinâmica sob novas elites infundidas com valores heroicos.
19 de abr. de 2024 · Fascism is a political ideology and mass movement that dominated many parts of Europe between 1919 and 1945. Learn about its characteristics, leaders, countries, and evolution from Britannica's experts.
