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The key characteristic of European classical music that distinguishes it from popular music, folk music, and some other classical music traditions such as Indian classical music, is that the repertoire tends to be written down in musical notation, creating a musical part or score.
- Outline
Early music – generally comprises Medieval music (500–1400)...
- Dates of classical music eras
Dates of classical music eras. Music historians divide the...
- Outline
This is a list of classical music composers by era. With the exception of the overview, the Modernist era has been combined with the Postmodern.
- Classicism
- Main Characteristics
- History
- First Viennese School
- Classical Influence on Later Composers
- Classical Period Instruments
- Further Reading
- External Links
In the middle of the 18th century, Europe began to move toward a new style in architecture, literature, and the arts, generally known as Neoclassicism. This style sought to emulate the ideals of Classical antiquity, especially those of Classical Greece. Classical music used formality and emphasis on order and hierarchy and a "clearer", "cleaner" st...
In the classical period, the theme consists of phrases with contrasting melodic figures and rhythms. These phrases are relatively brief, typically four bars in length, and can occasionally seem sparse or terse. The texture is mainly homophonic, with a clear melody above a subordinate chordal accompaniment, for instance an Alberti bass. This contras...
Baroque/Classical transition c. 1750–1760
In his book The Classical Style, author and pianist Charles Rosen claims that from 1755 to 1775, composers groped for a new style that was more effectively dramatic. In the High Baroque period, dramatic expression was limited to the representation of individual affects (the "doctrine of affections", or what Rosen terms "dramatic sentiment"). For example, in Handel's oratorio Jephtha, the composer renders four emotions separately, one for each character, in the quartet "O, spare your daughter"...
1750–1775
By the late 1750s there were flourishing centers of the new style in Italy, Vienna, Mannheim, and Paris; dozens of symphonies were composed and there were bands of players associated with musical theatres. Opera or other vocal music accompanied by orchestra was the feature of most musical events, with concertos and symphonies (arising from the overture) serving as instrumental interludes and introductions for operas and church services. Over the course of the Classical period, symphonies and...
1775–1790
Haydn, having worked for over a decade as the music director for a prince, had far more resources and scope for composing than most other composers. His position also gave him the ability to shape the forces that would play his music, as he could select skilled musicians. This opportunity was not wasted, as Haydn, beginning quite early on his career, sought to press forward the technique of building and developing ideas in his music. His next important breakthrough was in the Opus 33 string q...
The First Viennese School is a name mostly used to refer to three composers of the Classical period in late-18th-century Vienna: Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. Franz Schubertis occasionally added to the list. In German-speaking countries, the term Wiener Klassik (lit. Viennese classical era/art) is used. That term is often more broadly applied to th...
Musical eras and their prevalent styles, forms and instruments seldom disappear at once; instead, features are replaced over time, until the old approach is simply felt as "old-fashioned". The Classical style did not "die" suddenly; rather, it gradually got phased out under the weight of changes. To give just one example, while it is generally stat...
Guitar
The Baroque guitar, with four or five sets of double strings or "courses" and elaborately decorated soundhole, was a very different instrument from the early classical guitarwhich more closely resembles the modern instrument with the standard six strings. Judging by the number of instructional manuals published for the instrument – over three hundred texts were published by over two hundred authors between 1760 and 1860 – the classical period marked a golden age for guitar.
Strings
In the Baroque era, there was more variety in the bowed stringed instruments used in ensembles, with instruments such as the viola d'amore and a range of fretted viols being used, ranging from small viols to large bass viols. In the Classical period, the string sectionof the orchestra was standardized as just four instruments: 1. Violin(in orchestras and chamber music, typically there are first violins and second violins, with the former playing the melody and/or a higher line and the latter...
Woodwinds
It was commonplace for all orchestras to have at least 2 winds, usually oboes, flutes, clarinets, or sometimes english horns (see Symphony No. 22 (Haydn). Patrons also usually employed an ensemble of entirely winds, called the harmonie, which would be employed for certain events. The harmoniewould sometimes join the larger string orchestra to serve as the wind section. 1. Piccolo(used in military bands) 2. Flute 3. Oboe 4. English horn 5. Clarinet 6. Basset horn (see Requiem (Mozart)) 7. Bass...
Downs, Philip G. (1992). Classical Music: The Era of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven, 4th vol of Norton Introduction to Music History. W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-95191-X(hardcover).Grout, Donald Jay; Palisca, Claude V. (1996). A History of Western Music, Fifth Edition. W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-96904-5(hardcover).Hanning, Barbara Russano; Grout, Donald Jay (1998 rev. 2006). Concise History of Western Music. W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-92803-9(hardcover).Kennedy, Michael (2006), The Oxford Dictionary of Music, 985 pages, ISBN 0-19-861459-4Free scores by various classical composers at the International Music Score Library Project(IMSLP)Características. Instrumentação. Forma e técnicas de execução. Complexidade. Sociedade. A atmosfera dos concertos. Interpretação das obras. História. Origem. Período antigo. Período da prática comum. Período barroco. Período clássico. Período romântico. Períodos moderno e contemporâneo. Relacionamento com a música popular.
Classical music generally refers to the art music of the Western world, considered to be distinct from Western folk music or popular music traditions. It is sometimes distinguished as Western classical music, as the term "classical music" can also be applied to non-Western art musics.
