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1 de nov. de 2022 · The activities of the Catholic hierarchy were closely monitored, scrutinised and curtailed. However, the normalisation regime in Slovakia was never able to disrupt the underground church and associated ‘lay movements’, which became exceedingly popular among Slovak youth in the 1980s. Contrary to the nationally homogeneous Czech lands ...
t. e. In the 1980s, trade unions were the largest of all Czechoslovak organizations. A single large federation, the Revolutionary Trade Union Movement (Revoluční odborové hnutí / Revolučné odborové hnutie, ROH), represented most wage earners (80 percent in 1983); to deny someone trade union membership was to imply extreme censure. [1]
t. e. The Arab–Israeli conflict is the phenomenon involving political tension, military conflicts, and other disputes between various Arab countries and Israel, which escalated during the 20th century. The roots of the Arab–Israeli conflict have been attributed to the support by Arab League member countries for the Palestinians, a fellow ...
Gustáv Husák (10 January 1913 – 18 November 1991) was a Czechoslovak communist politician of a Slovak origin, who served as the long-time First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia from 1969 to 1987 and the President of Czechoslovakia from 1975 to 1989. His rule is known as the period of the Normalization (Normalizace in Czech ...
Gustáv Husák (in the middle) in 1971 on a visit to the GDR. Walter Ulbricht and Erich Honecker are also pictured.. Gustáv Husák (UK: / ˈ h uː s æ k /, US: / ˈ h (j) uː s ɑː k /, Slovak: [ˈɡustaːw ˈɦusaːk]; 10 January 1913 – 18 November 1991) was a Czechoslovak politician who served as the long-time First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia from 1969 to 1987 ...
Alexander Dubček (Slovak pronunciation: [ˈaleksander ˈduptʂek]; 27 November 1921 – 7 November 1992) was a Slovak statesman who served as the First Secretary of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ) (de facto leader of Czechoslovakia) from January 1968 to April 1969 and as Chairman of the Federal Assembly from 1989 to 1992 following the ...
1. 1. Zdeněk Mlynář, the leading theorist of the Czechoslovak reformist leadership of 1968, now in exile, has argued convincingly that modern totalitarianism no longer needs to rely on direct and permanent intimidation by overt force to secure the degree of control it requires. The subjects of the totalitarian rule (social organizations or ...
